Results on the associated classical orthogonal polynomials (Q1917943)

Let \(\{P_k (x) \}^\infty_{k=0}\) denote a system of classical orthogonal polynomials, i.e., a system of Jacobi, Laguerre, or Hermite polynomials, and let \(\{P_k (x; c) \}^\infty_{k=0}\) be the corresponding associated polynomials of order \(c\in \mathbb{N}\), i.e., if the polynomials \(P_k (x)\), \(k=0, 1, \dots\), satisfy the 3-term recurrence relation \[ xP_k (x)= \xi_0 (k) P_{k-1} (x)+ \xi_1 (k) P_{k-1} (x)+ \xi_2 (k) P_{k-1} (x), \qquad k=0, 1, \dots, \] then the polynomials \(P_k (x; c)\), \(k=0, 1, \dots\), are defined by the relation \[ xP_k (x; c)= \xi_0 (k+c) P_{k-1} (x; c)+ \xi_1 (k+ c) P_{k-1} (x; c)+ \xi_2 (k+ c) P_{k-1} (x; c), \qquad k=0, 1,\dots\;. \] It is not difficult to see that the polynomials \(P_k (x; c)\) can be represented as \[ P_{n-1}= \sum^{n- 1}_{k= 0} a^{(c)}_{n- 1,k} P_k (x). \] In the paper second-order recurrence relations (in \(k\)) are established for the so-called connection coefficients \(a^{(c)}_{n- 1,k}\). The result became possible tanks to a new explicit form of a fourth-order differential equation satisfied by the polynomials \(P_k (x; c)\), \(k=0, 1, \dots\;\).