On exponential observability estimates for the heat semigroup with explicit rates (Q2460787)

Let the observation region \(\Omega\) be a nonempty subset of a smooth bounded domain \(M\) in \(\mathbb R^d\); the Laplacian \(\Delta\) is considered with Dirichlet conditions on \(\partial M\). The range of time \(T\) is \((0;\infty)\) and the range of initial state \(u_0\) is \(L^2(M)\). The corresponding solution of the Cauchy problem for the heat equation is denoted by \(u(T,x)=(e^{T \Delta}u_0)(x)\), or \(u=e^{T \Delta}u_0\). The observation inequality from \(\Omega\) of the final state at time \(T\) is for any \(T\): \[ \forall u_0, \quad \int_M |e^{T \Delta}u_0|^2\; dx \leq K\int_0^T\int_{\Omega} |e^{t \Delta}u_0|^2\; dx \; dt \quad (K=Ce^{A/T}). \eqno(1) \] It is proved in the paper, that (1) implies four variants (an integrated inequality with singular weights, an integrated inequality in infinite times, a sharp inequality and a Sobolev inequality). Estimates are presented for lower and upper bounds of the optimal rate \(A\) in (1). A conjecture and open problems are stated. Reachability results related to the rate \(A\) in (1) are obtained.