On the codimension-three conjecture (Q632992)

The authors sketch a proof of the following conjecture which states that any regular holonomic module extends uniquely beyond an analytic subset whose codimension is equal or larger than three. More precisely, let \(X\) be a complex subvariety, \(P_{\Lambda}(X)\) the category of perverse sheaves of \(\mathbb{C}\)-vector spaces on \(X\) with microsupport in \(\Lambda\). By the Riemann-Hilbert correspondence, \(P_{\Lambda}(X)\) can be viewed as the category of regular holonomic \(\mathcal{D}_{X}\)-modules whose characteristic variety is contained in \(\Lambda\). Although the basic structure of \(P_{\Lambda}(X)\) has already been studied, the authors describe it in terms of the geometry of \(T^{*}X\). The main result is that for an open set \(U\) of \(\Lambda\) and a closed analytic subset \(Z\) of \(U\) of codimension at least \(3\), the functor \(\mathcal{P}er_{\Lambda}(U)\rightarrow\mathcal{P}er_{\Lambda}(U-Z)\) is an equivalence of categories. Here, \(\mathcal{P}er_{\Lambda}\) on \(T^{*}X\) is the stack reduced by the category \(P_{\Lambda}(X)\). From the point of view of \(\mathcal{D}_{X}\)-modules, one simply passes from regular holonomic \(\mathcal{D}_{X}\)-modules to regular holonomic \(\varepsilon_{X}\)-modules, where \(\varepsilon_{X}\) is the ring of microdifferential operators on \(T^{*}X\). The stack \(\mathcal{P}er_{\Lambda}\) is equivalent to the stack of regular holonomic \(\varepsilon_{X}\)-modules with support on \(\Lambda\). Regular singularities means the following: for a coherent \(\varepsilon_{X}\)-module \(\mathcal{M}\), a coherent \(\varepsilon_{X}(0)\)-submodulemodules \(\mathcal{N}\) is called an \(\varepsilon_{X}(0)\)-lattice of \(\mathcal{M}\) if \(\varepsilon_{X}\otimes_{\varepsilon_{X}(0)}\mathcal{N}\rightarrow\mathcal{M}\) is an isomorphism. A holonomic \(\varepsilon_{X}\)-module \(\mathcal{M}\) with support in \(\Lambda\) is said to have regular singularities if locally near any point on the support of \(\mathcal{M}\), \(\mathcal{M}\) has an \(\varepsilon(0)\)-lattice \(\mathcal{N}\) invariant under the subsheaf \(\varepsilon_{\Lambda}(1)\) of order \(1\) operators whose principal symbol vanishes on \(\Lambda\), and it is known that a regular holonomic \(\varepsilon\)-module possess a globally defined \(\varepsilon(0)\)-lattice invariant over \(\varepsilon_{\Lambda}(1)\) [\textit{M. Kashiwara} and \textit{T. Kawai}, Publ. Res. Inst. Math. Sci. 17, 813--979 (1981; Zbl 0505.58033)]. The proof of the main result uses a basic reduction considering the projective cotangent bundle \(P^{*}X\), and the sheavs \(\varepsilon_{X}\) and \(\widehat{\varepsilon}_{X}\) as sheaves of rings over \(P^{*}X\). As the extension problem is local, for \(\Lambda\) a locally closed Lagrangian subvariety of \(P^{*}X\), \(\mathop{\Lambda}\limits^{o}\subset\Lambda\) an open subset such that \(\Lambda-\mathop{\Lambda}\limits^{o}\) is a closed analytic subset of codimension at least \(3\) in \(1\), one can consider a neighborhood of any point \(p\in\Lambda-\mathop{\Lambda}\limits^{o}\), which can be considered regular, and put \(\Lambda\), via a canonical transformation in generic position, at \(p\). This gives rise to a finite map in the neighborhood of \(p\), \(\rho: \Lambda\rightarrow Y\subset\mathbb{C}^{n-1}\) given by \(x_{1}, \dots , x_{n-1}\), \(Y\) an open set in \(\mathbb{C}^{n-1}\), and assume that there is an open subset \(\mathop{Y}\limits^{o}\) of \(Y\) such that \(\rho^{-1}(\mathop{Y}\limits^{o})=\mathop{\Lambda}\limits^{o}\) and \(Y-\mathop{Y}\limits^{o}\) is analytic of codimension \(\geq 3\). Denote \(\partial^{-1}_{x_{n}}\) by \(t\) now, let \(\widehat{A}=\mathbb{C}[[t]]\) be the formal power series ring, endowed, for any \(C>0\), with the norm \[ \Big\|\mathop{\sum}\limits_{0}^{\infty}a_{j}t^{j}\Big\|=\sum| a_{j}|\frac{C^{j}}{j!}, \] let \[ A_{c}=\left\{ f\in\widehat{A},\| f\|_{c}<\infty\right\}\quad\text{and}\quad A=\mathop{\lim}\limits_{\overrightarrow{C\rightarrow0}}A_{c}. \] If \(K\) is the fraction field of \(A\) and \(\widehat{K}\) is the field of Laurent series, then denote by \(\mathcal{A}_{X}\) the sheaf of holomorphic functions on \(X\) with values in \(A\), and similarly for \(\widehat{\mathcal{A}}_{X}\), \(K_{X}\), \(\widehat{K}_{X}\) where \(X\) is a complex manifold. If \(\mathcal{M}\) is a given regular holonomic \(\varepsilon_{X}\)-module with support \(\Lambda\) and \(\mathcal{N}\) is an \(\varepsilon_{X}(0)|\overline{\mathop{\Lambda}\limits^{o}}\) lattice of \(\mathcal{M}\), then the sheaf \(\rho_{*}\mathcal{M}|_{Y}\) is coherent over \(K_{Y}|_{\mathop{Y}\limits^{o}}\) and \(\rho_{*}\mathcal{N}|_{Y}\) is coherent over \(\mathcal{A}_{Y}|_{\mathop{Y}\limits^{o}}\). But using a result of Popescu, Bhatwadekar and Rao (see [\textit{D. Popescu}, Bull. Math. Soc. Sci. Math. Roum., Nouv. Sér. 45(93), No. 3--4, 209--212 (2002; Zbl 1089.13504))] and [\textit{R. G. Swan}, in: Lectures in algebra and geometry. Proceedings of the international conference on algebra and geometry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, 1995. Cambridge, MA: International Press. 135--192 (1998; Zbl 0954.13003)]) the authors claim that \(\rho_{*}\mathcal{M}|_{\mathop{Y}\limits^{o}}\) is locally free as a \(K_{Y}|_{\mathop{Y}\limits^{o}}\)-module. The conjecture is thus reduced to the following: If \(Y\) is a complex manifold, \(\mathop{Y}\limits^{o}\) is open in \(Y\) such that \(Y-\mathop{Y}\limits^{o}\) is analytic of codimension \(\geq3\), and if \(j:\mathop{Y}\limits^{o}\rightarrow Y\) is the open inclusion, for a given locally free \(\widehat{K}_{Y}|_{\mathop{Y}\limits^{o}}\)-module \(\mathcal{\widehat{M}}\) of finite rank, together with a \(\mathcal{\widehat{A}}_{Y}|\mathop{Y}\limits^{o}\)-lattice \(\mathcal{\widehat{N}}\) in \(\mathcal{\widehat{M}}\), then if \(\mathcal{\widehat{N}}\) is a reflexive \(\mathcal{\widehat{A}}_{\mathop{Y}\limits^{o}}\)-module, then \(j_{*}\mathcal{\widehat{N}}\) is a coherent \(\mathcal{\widehat{A}}_{Y}\)-module, and this gives that \(j_{*}\mathcal{\widehat{M}}\) is a coherent \(\mathcal{\widehat{K}}_{Y}\)-module. This result is reduced to a special case of the extension results for several complex variables of Traufman, Frish-Guenot and Sin. This completes the formal case. Finally, the authors show that the formal case implies the convergent case. For achieving this, they use the fact that if \(Y\) and \(\mathop{Y}\limits^{o}\) are as before and \(Y-\mathop{Y}\limits^{o}\) is a closed submanifold of codimension \(\geq2\), then any locally free \(\mathcal{A}_{\mathop{Y}\limits^{o}}\)-module \(\mathcal{N}\), whose formal completion \(\mathcal{\widehat{N}}\) extends as a locally free modules on \(Y\), extends to a locally free module on \(Y\). The note ends with two interesting conjectures.