A geometry for multidimensional integrable systems
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Abstract: A deformed differential calculus is developed based on an associative star-product. In two dimensions the Hamiltonian vector fields model the algebra of pseudo-differential operator, as used in the theory of integrable systems. Thus one obtains a geometric description of the operators. A dual theory is also possible, based on a deformation of differential forms. This calculus is applied to a number of multidimensional integrable systems, such as the KP hierarchy, thus obtaining a geometrical description of these systems. The limit in which the deformation disappears corresponds to taking the dispersionless limit in these hierarchies.
Given a Poisson manifold \((M,\omega)\) with an associative \(\star\)-product, the author introduces another, non-associative product \(\circ\) such that the Moyal bracket \(\{u,v\}=(u\star v-v\star u)/\kappa\) can be written like an ordinary Poisson bracket \(\{u,v\}=\omega^{rs}{\partial u\over\partial x^r}\circ {\partial v\over\partial x^s}\). Based on this product a deformed differential geometry on \(M\) is introduced. A similar construction is performed for the Kupershmidt-Manin bracket. For two-dimensional manifolds the space of Hamiltonian vector fields is isomorphic to the space of pseudo-differential operators (modulo constants) with the isomorphism given by the symbol map. This geometric framework is applied to the study of (completely) integrable systems. It is shown that a number of systems can be written in terms of a closed two-form \(\Omega\) satisfying \(\Omega\wedge\Omega=0\). The examples treated include the anti-self-dual vacuum equations (based on Plebanski's first heavenly equation), the KP and the Toda hierarchy. For the KP hierarchy the relation to a Riemann-Hilbert problem is shown. The limit \(\kappa\rightarrow 0\) corresponds here to the dispersionless limit.
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