A universal coregular countable second-countable space

DOI10.1016/J.TOPOL.2021.107909MaRDI QIDQ2077291zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Publication date 25 February 2022

Published in Topology and its Applications (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.06293

coregular space Hausdorff countable connected space orbit space projective space quotient space second-countable space superconnected space the infinite rational projective space \(\mathbb{Q} \mathsf{P}^\infty \)topologically homogeneous space

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Dynamical systems involving transformations and group actions with special properties (minimality, distality, proximality, expansivity, etc.) (37B05) Topological linear incidence structures (51H10) Topological characterizations of particular spaces (54F65) Pathological topological spaces (54G15) Topology of infinite-dimensional manifolds (57N20)

Abstract: A Hausdorff topological space

X

is called

e x t i t s u p e r c o n n e c t e d

(resp.

e x t i t c o r e g u l a r

) if for any nonempty open sets

U_{1}, d o t s U_{n} s u b s e t e q X

, the intersection of their closures

is not empty (resp. the complement

is a regular topological space). A canonical example of a coregular superconnected space is the projective space

m a t h b b Q m a t h s f P^{i} n f t y

of the topological vector space

m a t h b b Q^{< o m e g a} = (x_{n})_{n i n o m e g a} i n m a t h b b Q^{o m e g a} : | n i n o m e g a : x_{n} e 0 | < o m e g a

over the field of rationals

m a t h b b Q

. The space

m a t h b b Q m a t h s f P^{i} n f t y

is the quotient space of

m a t h b b Q^{< o m e g a} s e t m i n u s 0^{o} m e g a

by the equivalence relation

x s i m y

iff

m a t h b b Q c d o t x = m a t h b b Q c d o t y

. We prove that every countable second-countable coregular space is homeomorphic to a subspace of

m a t h b b Q m a t h s f P^{i} n f t y

, and a topological space

X

is homeomorphic to

m a t h b b Q m a t h s f P^{i} n f t y

if and only if

X

is countable, second-countable, and admits a decreasing sequence of closed sets

(X_{n})_{n i n o m e g a}

such that (i)

X_{0} = X

,

, (ii) for every

n i n o m e g a

and a nonempty open set

U s u b s e t e q X_{n}

the closure

contains some set

X_{m}

, and (iii) for every

n i n o m e g a

the complement

X s e t m i n u s X_{n}

is a regular topological space. Using this topological characterization of

m a t h b b Q m a t h s f P^{i} n f t y

we find topological copies of the space

m a t h b b Q m a t h s f P^{i} n f t y

among quotient spaces, orbit spaces of group actions, and projective spaces of topological vector spaces over countable topological fields.

Review text

In this interesting paper, the authors present a topological characterization of the infinite rational projective space \({\mathbb Q}P^\infty\). It is topologically, the unique countable, second countable space that possesses a superskeleton. Among its properties are the Hausdorff property, it is coregular and has very strong homogeneity properties. Moreover, it is a universal object for the class of all countable, second countable coregular spaces. The proof of the characterization theorem is quite involved and long. As the paper demonstrates, there are many spaces homeomorphic to \({\mathbb Q}P^\infty\) that surface in several seemingly unrelated situations. It is unknown whether the famous Golomb (or Kirch) space contains a subspace homeomorphic to \({\mathbb Q}P^\infty\). This paper is an absolute must for anybody interested in countable connected Hausdorff spaces.

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