A universal coregular countable second-countable space

Publication date 25 February 2022

Abstract: A Hausdorff topological space

X

is called

e x t i t s u p e r c o n n e c t e d

(resp.

e x t i t c o r e g u l a r

) if for any nonempty open sets

U_{1}, d o t s U_{n} s u b s e t e q X

, the intersection of their closures

is not empty (resp. the complement

is a regular topological space). A canonical example of a coregular superconnected space is the projective space

m a t h b b Q m a t h s f P^{i} n f t y

of the topological vector space

m a t h b b Q^{< o m e g a} = (x_{n})_{n i n o m e g a} i n m a t h b b Q^{o m e g a} : | n i n o m e g a : x_{n} e 0 | < o m e g a

over the field of rationals

m a t h b b Q

. The space

m a t h b b Q m a t h s f P^{i} n f t y

is the quotient space of

m a t h b b Q^{< o m e g a} s e t m i n u s 0^{o} m e g a

by the equivalence relation

x s i m y

iff

m a t h b b Q c d o t x = m a t h b b Q c d o t y

. We prove that every countable second-countable coregular space is homeomorphic to a subspace of

m a t h b b Q m a t h s f P^{i} n f t y

, and a topological space

X

is homeomorphic to

m a t h b b Q m a t h s f P^{i} n f t y

if and only if

X

is countable, second-countable, and admits a decreasing sequence of closed sets

(X_{n})_{n i n o m e g a}

such that (i)

X_{0} = X

,

, (ii) for every

n i n o m e g a

and a nonempty open set

U s u b s e t e q X_{n}

the closure

contains some set

X_{m}

, and (iii) for every

n i n o m e g a

the complement

X s e t m i n u s X_{n}

is a regular topological space. Using this topological characterization of

m a t h b b Q m a t h s f P^{i} n f t y

we find topological copies of the space

m a t h b b Q m a t h s f P^{i} n f t y

among quotient spaces, orbit spaces of group actions, and projective spaces of topological vector spaces over countable topological fields.

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