Additive structure of totally positive quadratic integers

DOI10.1007/S00229-019-01143-8MaRDI QIDQ785998zbMATH OpenOpenAlexWikidataFDO

Authors Tomáš Hejda, Vitězslav Kala

Publication date 12 August 2020

Published in Manuscripta Mathematica (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.09178

zbMATH Keywords

additive semigroupcontinued fractionreal quadratictotally positive

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Continued fractions (11A55) Quadratic extensions (11R11) Free semigroups, generators and relations, word problems (20M05) Commutative semigroups (20M14)

Abstract: Let $K=mathbbQ(sqrtD)$ be a real quadratic field. We consider the additive semigroup $mathcal{O}_K^{+}(+)$ of totally positive integers in $K$ and determine its generators (indecomposable integers) and relations; they can be nicely described in terms of the periodic continued fraction for $sqrtD$. We also characterize all uniquely decomposable integers in $K$ and estimate their norms. Using these results, we prove that the semigroup $mathcal{O}_K^{+}(+)$ completely determines the real quadratic field $K$.

Review text

The multiplicative structure of the ring of integers \(O_K\) of a number field \(K\) carries important information about the field, of course. However, the additive semigroup \(O_K^+\) of `totally positive' elements of \(O_K\) also plays a significant role when \(K\) is a totally real number field. The paper under review studies the case of real quadratic fields \(K = \mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{D})\). Here, it is natural to characterize various properties of \(O_K^+\) in terms of the continued fraction expansion of \(\sqrt{D}\). The authors first obtain a description of the elements of \(O_K^+\) for \(K = \mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{D})\) which are indecomposable into two or more elements of \(O_K^+\), in terms of the continued fraction expansion of \(\sqrt{D}\). The indecomposable elements of \(O_K^+\) form a generating set for it and they have relations among them. In order to determine the relations between indecomposable elements, the authors first prove the interesting key result that every totally positive element of \(O_K\) is a positive linear combination of two consecutive indecomposable totally positive elements. Using this, they deduce all the relations neatly in terms of the continued fraction expansion of \(\sqrt{D}\). As uniqueness of decomposition of elements of \(O_K^+\) as a sum of indecomposables cannot be expected to hold (as there are relations among the indecomposables), the best one can hope for is to characterize those totally positive elements which are uniquely decomposable into indecomposables. The authors accomplish this again via the continued fraction expansion of \(\sqrt{D}\). Finally, using this last-mentioned result, the authors are able to deduce the remarkable theorem that the additive semigroup \(O_K^+\) determines the continued fraction of \(\sqrt{D}\) and hence, the field \(K\) up to isomorphism. This is striking because the ring of integers of any quadratic field does not determine the field at all from its additive group structure, as \(O_K \cong\mathbb{Z}^2\) as an abelian group.

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Cited in

(12)

• Sums of squares in \(S\)-integers
• Representing multiples of \(m\) in real quadratic fields as sums of squares
• Indecomposable integers in real quadratic fields
• Norms of indecomposable integers in real quadratic fields
• A refinement of the Dress-Scharlau theorem
• Trace and norm of indecomposable integers in cubic orders
• Partitions into powers of an algebraic number
• Universal quadratic forms and indecomposables in number fields: a survey
• Partitions in real quadratic fields
• Triangle percolation on the grid
• Totally positive elements with m partitions exist in almost all real quadratic fields
• Universality criterion sets for quadratic forms over number fields

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