An obstruction to embedding 2-dimensional complexes into the 3-sphere

DOI10.1016/J.TOPOL.2015.11.008MaRDI QIDQ896826zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Kazufumi Eto, Shosaku Matsuzaki, Makoto Ozawa

Publication date 14 December 2015

Published in Topology and its Applications (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1503.02170

zbMATH Keywords

3-sphereCW complexembeddingmultibranched surfaceobstruction

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Embeddings and immersions in topological manifolds (57N35) Embeddings and immersions in PL-topology (57Q35)

Abstract: We consider an embedding of a $2$-dimensional CW complex into the $3$-sphere, and construct it's dual graph. Then we obtain a homogeneous system of linear equations from the $2$-dimensional CW complex in the first homology group of the complement of the dual graph. By checking that the homogeneous system of linear equations does not have an integral solution, we show that some $2$-dimensional CW complexes cannot be embedded into the 3-sphere.

Review text

The work of this paper is in the piecewise linear category. Every finite \(n\)-dimensional complex embeds into \(\mathbb R^{2n+1}\) and there is an obstruction to embedding into \(\mathbb R^{2n}\). This paper, restricted to certain finite 2-complexes that are constructed by means of surfaces, brings some sufficient conditions that such a complex can not be embedded into the 3-sphere. To describe such complexes take \(i\) half planes and glue them along their boundaries and denote by \(S_i\) the obtained space. Now, \(X\) is called a multibranched surface if it contains a disjoint union of simple closed curves \(l_1,\dots,l_n\) (branches) such that: {\parindent=6mm \begin{itemize} \item[(\(\ast\))] For \(x\in l_1 \cup \dots\cup l_n\) there exists an open neighborhood \(U\) of \(x\) and \(i\) such that \(U\) is homeomorphic to \(S_i\); \item[(\(\ast\))] For \(x\in X\setminus (l_1 \cup \dots\cup l_n)\) there exists an open neighborhood \(U\) of \(x\) such that \(U\) is homeomorphic to \(\mathbb R^2\). \end{itemize}} Components of \(X\setminus (l_1 \cup \dots\cup l_n)\) denoted by \(e_i\), are sectors. (The simplest example is the 2-sphere; \(l_1\)= equator and sectors are hemispheres). Then the algebraic degree \(a{e_i}(l_j)\) of an oriented sector \(e_i\) is introduced and an oriented branch \(l_j\) as an element of \(H_1(l_j,\mathbb Z)\) induced by the inclusion of \(\bar{e}_i\) into \(X\). For a fixed circular permutation of sectors on each branch, in two steps the abstract dual graph \(G_X\) is constructed. Let \(T\) be the spanning tree of \(G_X\). Then the \(m\times n\) matrix \(A_T= (ad_{{e}_t}(l_j))\) is defined where \(m\) is the first Betti number of \(G_X\) and \(n\) is the number of branches of \(X\). This is then used to formulate conditions under which a connected, compact, orientable multibranched \(X\) cannot be embedded into the 3-sphere: If for each abstract dual graph \(G_X\) of \(X\), one of the following conditions (1) and (2) holds, then \(X\) cannot be embedded into the 3-sphere {\parindent=6mm \begin{itemize} \item[(1)] \(m>n\). \item[(2)] \(m\leq n\) and there exists a spanning tree \(T\) of \(G_X\) such that the greatest common divisor of all \(m\)-minor determinants of the algebraic degree matrix \(A_T\) is greater than 1. \end{itemize}} An example that illustrates the results obtained is the real projective plane. In continuation so called critical multibranched surfaces are studied.

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Cites work

• EMBEDDING TANGLES IN LINKS
• scientific article; zbMATH DE number 3622573 (Why is no real title available?)

Cited in

(15)

• Embedding 2-complexes in \({\mathbb R}\) 4
• Embedding of 2-dimensional cell complexes in \(S^ 3\) determined by their 1-skeletons
• Van Kampen's embedding obstruction is incomplete for 2-complexes in \(\mathbb{R}^ 4\)
• Multibranched surfaces in 3-manifolds
• New constructions related to the polynomial sphere recognition problem
• A partial order on multibranched surfaces in 3-manifolds
• Uniqueness of the embedding of a 2-complex into a 3-manifold
• Genera and minors of multibranched surfaces
• scientific article; zbMATH DE number 4178114 (Why is no real title available?)
• Why is P 2 Not Embeddable in R 3 ?
• Embedding obstructions and 4-dimensional thickenings of 2-complexes
• scientific article; zbMATH DE number 2103306 (Why is no real title available?)
• Neighborhood equivalence for multibranched surfaces in 3-manifolds
• Obstructions to embedding disks. II: A proof of a conjecture of Hudson
• Embedding a 2-complex K in R^ 4 when H^ 2(K) is a cyclic group

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