A Standardized Review of Bat Names Across Multiple Taxonomic Authorities
DOI10.5281/zenodo.11193643Zenodo11193643MaRDI QIDQ6682822FDOQ6682822
Dataset published at Zenodo repository.
Jorrit Poelen, Nathan Upham, Aja Sherman, Nancy Simmons, Donat Agosti, Deeann Reeder, Kendra Phelps, Cullen Geiselman
Publication date: 14 May 2024
The taxonomic boundaries of species and higher-level taxa change relatively frequently as knowledge of population structure and evolutionary relationships improves, and older hypotheses are reframed. For the order Chiroptera (bats), valid names have long been assessed by multiple authorities, but differences among the resulting classifications largely remain unharmonized amongst authorities. We collected and aligned treatments across three primary taxonomic authorities for Chiroptera to create a single dynamic and versioned name translation tool. The resulting Bat Taxonomy Alignment will expedite future taxonomic assessments. The complexities uncovered in this alignment suggest the need for more explicit tracking of taxonomic concepts and usage of names in the future, particularly since biodiversity data (including hosts of zoonotic diseases) are cataloged and tracked using taxonomic names. Find user friendly links and more analyses here; https://jhpoelen.nl/bat-taxonomic-alignment/ The CTAF DISSCO Covid-19 Taskforce started in 2019, but has evolved into the Biodiversity Exchange on Host and Pathogen Interactions (Bi HaPI). This group formed with the goal of creating narratives framed to ready the scientific community for potential future zoonotic spillover events involving bat species. Bats play a crucial role in ecosystems as pollinators and insect population control. However, they are also known to carry and transmit zoonotic diseases to humans and other animals. Bats are unique among mammals due to their ability to fly. This ability requires a significant amount of energy, so bats have increased metabolism and body temperature - similar to the fever response in other mammals. This regular spike in body temperature could, theoretically, create an environment that is more challenging for viruses to survive in. Some studies also suggest that bats have evolved mechanisms to limit inflammation, reducing the damage to their own cells from their immune response. This could be another factor that allows them to coexist with viruses without developing severe disease responses. Correct species identification is crucial not just for monitoring disease transmission on a wide scale, but also because viruses tend to invade cells more readily from taxonomically similar species. However, the taxonomic boundaries of bat species and higher-level taxa are subject to frequent changes as our knowledge of their evolutionary relationships improves. These changes often result in discrepancies among taxonomic authorities, where different classifications coexist without being harmonized. Bats are unique among mammals due to their ability to fly. This ability requires a significant amount of energy, so bats have increased metabolism and body temperature - similar to the fever response in other mammals. This regular spike in body temperature could, theoretically, create an environment that is more challenging for viruses to survive in. Some studies also suggest that bats have evolved mechanisms to limit inflammation, reducing the damage to their own cells from their immune response. This could be another factor that allows them to coexist with viruses without developing a severe disease responses We want to know if a bat sneezes, who could be on the receiving end of that spray. Then a network of potential pathogen transmission can be constructed. Co-roosting in bats has not been thoroughly examined since their roosting behavior is elusive, their survival can be adversely impacted as they are highly susceptible to disturbances, it is difficult to identify bat species when they are active at night, and their behaviors often change seasonally. Following open access and FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable) principles for extracting data and choosing methodologies to liberate ecological knowledge from dark data, we aim to achieve a long-term semantic foundation for evolutionary knowledge by reconciling taxonomic names. The evolution of name-to-meaning relationships in taxonomy presents a challenge for maintaining consistent communication and integration of information over time. However, information about organismal traits, genomes, and geographic distributions continuously lead to changes in taxonomic classifications, causing discrepancies in the meaning of taxonomic names over time and across different taxonomic reference material. One approach to resolving this issue involves creating methods for monitoring taxonomic alterations that facilitate straightforward comparisons of taxonomic name treatments from one reference to another that can be shared in a fast and dynamic way. Unharmonized taxonomic treatments refer to situations where different taxonomic authorities or sources have divergent or conflicting approaches in classifying or naming taxa. It occurs when there are discrepancies in the taxonomic concepts, classifications, or naming conventions applied to the same group of organisms across different references or databases. Unharmonized treatments can include variations in species delimitation, assignment of subspecies, synonymies, elevations of taxa to higher taxonomic levels, splits, merges, or other taxonomic decisions. Resolving unharmonized taxonomic treatments involves reconciling these differences and establishing a consistent and agreed-upon taxonomy for the taxa in question For co-roost occurrence data mining, we are extracting roosting interaction evidence from published works that span 160 years and 137 countries, so we face a specific challenge with taxonomic names. Once we resolve for taxonomic names by integrating current names and sorting out disparate taxonomic treatments, our network model becomes more representative of the frequency interactions occur between species.For example, since Tadarida cynocephala is now considered a subspecies of Tadarida brasiliensis, it drastically changes the frequency of interactions associated between this species and others. Resolving taxonomic names also allowed the software to identify links to species unidentified in our data. There are multiple taxonomic authorities that researchers and research facilities may follow depending on their specific specimen collections, research interests, and historical traditions. For example, some museums follow the American Society of Mammalogists, while others may use the European Mammal Assessment or the Mammals of South-East Asia (MOSE) project. The leading authorities for the order Chiroptera include Simmons (2005) chapter in Mammal Species of the World, Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database or batbase.org, Arizona State University housed Mammal Diversity Database, and the Handbook Mammals of the World Volume 9 Bats, edited by Wilson and Mittermeier. We present this alignment of bat taxonomic treatments and extraction of those name strings in disunity. Our results reveal ~15% of the name strings do not match across these references. Our team bought the HMW2019 printed text, outsourced digitizing this hefty text to Picturae, a company specialized in digitizing objects. This cost about $4500 for 5000 species treatments, so about $1 dollar per species record. To convert the OCRed (Optical Character Recognition), PDF into a structured XML format, we utilized Plazi's specialized GoldenGate mark-up editor. Plazi's workflow was specifically designed to adhere to Swiss copyright protection laws. Plazi, an association with the primary objective of transforming scientific literature, both in print and digital formats, into semantically enabled and enhanced documents, plays a crucial role in this process. The conversion involves transforming taxonomic literature into XML documents that are semantically enriched, allowing for both human and machine readability. Utilizing a specific version of Plazi's Treatment-XML, we converted the HMW2019 texts into a table schema specific to our needs. The resulting data was stored in JSON format, as provided by Preston, a biodiversity data tracker. The text was parsed based on treatment categories and converted to a csv format for use in a shared google sheets document. Following the manual name alignment process and interpretation, the text was further processed using mlr, a command-line tool in R commonly used for statistics and data analysis, capable of querying, shaping, and reformatting data files in various formats such as CSV, TSV, JSON, and JSON Lines. By leveraging these tools and workflows, we were able to efficiently extract, organize, and convert the Handbook Mammals of the World 2019 text into a structured and accessible format, facilitating further analysis and research. For the name alignment, the team collected and aligned treatments across the primary taxonomic authorities for Chiroptera, the order that includes bats. The result of this effort is the Bat Taxonomy Alignment (BTA), a dynamic and versioned name translation tool. The BTA provides a standardized approach to aligning and comparing taxonomic treatments, enabling accurate integration of data and facilitating research. On the surface, this might seem like an easy task to download treatment records and sort them, but realistically took months and four different skill sets. We reviewed 6 established taxonomic resources for bats and their published taxonomic treatments for all specific epithets under the order Chiroptera. This included 4 widely used taxonomic authorities, the species occurrence repository GBIF, and species records from the (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. We evaluated the variations of taxonomic names and identified areas of incongruence and missing information by analyzing the data, rationales, author notes, and data provenance provided in each source. This BTA was created to compare taxonomic treatments and the history of each epithet in one comprehensive spreadsheet. The referenced publications were not reviewed and epithets were not challenged during this study. Discrepancies were identified and categorized, but not unpacked here. However, we have established a solid foundation as we grow our list of newly described species and phylogenetic resolutions to associations among taxa. The BTA was created with taxonomists, researchers, data miners, bioinformaticians, ecologists, and museum staff in mind. The first section of the dataset is solely an extraction of the taxonomic names that might not share an epithet according to different authorities, but are referring to the same species. This list can also serve as a quick reference to valid species according to any one authority. Our objective was to minimize interpretation and provide objective information. When encountering taxonomic names that did not match across authorities, we collected the corresponding equivalent names or relationships (such as synonym, nomen dubia, subspecies, missing altogether, etc.) and the accompanying taxonomic notes from each source. This compilation aims to present a convenient reference for those examining taxonomic concepts in the future. Additionally, we hope to encourage data aggregators to extract the citations for the taxonomic reference list, which is highly valuable and in demand. The total number of disagreements were then summed and later assigned Agreement Index values to compare authorities rates of harmonized treatments. We also extracted synonyms and subspecies for future taxonomic revisions. The rest of the dataset includes the GBIF name status (accepted, synonymized, raised to a higher-level taxon, etc.) and the complete taxonomic records obtained from online versioned datasets. In the case of Mammal Species of the World, the data was shared directly by the author. We have chosen Zenodo as a platform for our dataset, because versioning is critical for large data sets that are regularly updated or revised. Since starting this project in November, an updated version of batnames was released, identified as BatNames 2023. As new versions of now online databases are released, this BTA can act as a foundation to track changes and provenance over time. This initial version of the dataset incorporates extraction errors, intentionally retained for the purpose of gathering informative feedback for those involved in the extraction process. Additionally, it contains unedited author notes that were compiled prior to publication, which contain errors. Published in 2005, Mammal Species of the World identified a total of 1,113 bat species. However, our understanding of bat species diversity has since expanded, and we now recognize approximately 1,458 valid species. The Handbook Mammals of the World, released in 2019, marked a significant milestone as the first fixed entity widely accepted as a taxonomic reference since the publication of Mammal Species of the World in 2005. However, despite its recent publication, it is already outdated. Two dynamic and continuously updated living databases, BatNames and Mammal Diversity Database, have already released multiple new versions of their taxonomic records since the initiation of this project in November of last year. To close the gap between their respective species accounts, one author from each project is actively engaged in this collaborative effort. As of writing this in May, the number of unharmonized names has been reduced from 138 to 28, and by the time you read this, it is expected there will be none. This interdisciplinary collaboration has bridged a gap between taxonomic experts and the big data community to tackle a long-standing obstacle in the research community. A standardized alignment for comparing taxonomic authorities can help to resolve the name-to-meaning ambiguity by providing a consistent reference for how taxonomic name usages are related to each other. This will not only help improve the accuracy and precision of scientific communication, but it will also allow for more seamless collaboration and integration of disparate data sets. This effort will be a crucial resource in mapping bat co-roosting behavior and other relational datasets. Our hope is that it will also be useful in resolving bat taxonomy at a global level. By providing a unique and persistent identifier for each taxonomic name, metadata, citations, and provenance information, we are able to facilitate the integration of data from different sources, making it possible to build a more complete and accurate picture of the taxonomy of a given organism in on a versionable, digital platform. This study represents an important step towards creating a more accurate and reliable taxonomy for the order Chiroptera. However, there are still several areas that could benefit from further research. One important next step would be to create a searchable repository for all names associated with valid taxonomic epithets, including nomen dubia, common names, misspellings, synonyms, and any other synonymized moniker. This would help to ensure that researchers have access to a comprehensive and up-to-date name list to search from. Another potential initiative could be to develop a comprehensive and open-access database that integrates taxonomic information with ecological and behavioral data for bat species worldwide. Developing a machine learning algorithm to automate the taxonomic alignment process would involve training a model on a large dataset of taxonomic records to recognize patterns and deviations in species names across different authorities. The model could then be used to automatically align and reconcile conflicting names, assisting with manual curation and improving the speed and accuracy of taxonomic assessments. We have already started the process of reverse engineering the alignment methods in order to ingest more records from additional authorities. Link to iDigBio Digital Data Conference presentation; https://drive.google.com/file/d/1wOFqMKgkOTLPeQ1I09eCsOA_N9QCTUE-/view?usp=sharing For questions, interact with us throughhttps://github.com/zenodo/zenodo/issues. Column Titles definition of field contents A name_MSW3 valid species binomial name according to MSW3 B name_HMW valid species binomial name according to HMW C name_BatNames valid species binomial name according to batnames D name_MDD valid species binomial name according to MDD E name_IUCN valid species binomial name according to IUCN F name_BatNames_2023 valid species binomial name according to batnames2023 G name_MDD_2023 valid species binomial name according to MDD2023 I taxonomic_notes_concatenated concatenated taxonomic notes from all 7 authorities' treatments K no_match_MSW_HMW if this cell is populated with a "1", MSW and HMW do not agree on the valid binomial name for this species L no_match_MSW_batnames if this cell is populated with a "1", MSW and batnames do not agree on the valid binomial name for this species M no_match_MSW_MDD if this cell is populated with a "1", MSW and MDD do not agree on the valid binomial name for this species N no_match_MSW_IUCN if this cell is populated with a "1", MSW and IUCN do not agree on the valid binomial name for this species O no_match_MSW_batnames2023 if this cell is populated with a "1", MSW and batnames2023 do not agree on the valid binomial name for this species P no_match_HMW_batnames if this cell is populated with a "1", HMW and batnames do not agree on the valid binomial name for this species Q no_match_HMW_MDD if this cell is populated with a "1", HMW and MDD do not agree on the valid binomial name for this species R no_match_HMW_IUCN if this cell is populated with a "1", HMW and IUCN do not agree on the valid binomial name for this species S no_match_HMW_batnames2023 if this cell is populated with a "1", HMW and batnames2023 do not agree on the valid binomial name for this species T no_match_batnames_MDD if this cell is populated with a "1", batnames and MDD do not agree on the valid binomial name for this species U no_match_batnames_IUCN if this cell is populated with a "1", batnames and IUCN do not agree on the valid binomial name for this species V no_match_batnames_batnames2023 if this cell is populated with a "1", batnames and batnames2023 do not agree on the valid binomial name for this species W no_match_MDD_IUCN if this cell is populated with a "1", MDD and IUCN do not agree on the valid binomial name for this species X no_match_MDD_batnames2023 if this cell is populated with a "1", MDD and batnames2023 do not agree on the valid binomial name for this species Y no_match_IUCN_batnames2023 if this cell is populated with a "1", IUCN and batnames2023 do not agree on the valid binomial name for this species Z no_match_MDD2023_MSW if this cell is populated with a "1", MDD2023 and MSW do not agree on the valid binomial name for this species AA no_match_MDD2023_HMW if this cell is populated with a "1", MDD2023 and HMW do not agree on the valid binomial name for this species AB no_match_MDD2023_batnames if this cell is populated with a "1", MDD2023 and batnames do not agree on the valid binomial name for this species AC no_match_MDD2023_MDD if this cell is populated with a "1", MDD2023 and MDD do not agree on the valid binomial name for this species AD no_match_MDD2023_IUCN if this cell is populated with a "1", MDD2023 and IUCN do not agree on the valid binomial name for this species AE no_match_MDD2023_batnames2023 if this cell is populated with a "1", MDD2023 and batnames2023 do not agree on the valid binomial name for this species AG subspecies_MSW_interpreted MSW accepted rank below species, used for populations that live in different areas and vary in size, shape, or other physical characteristics, but that can successfully interbreed AH synonym_MSW_interpreted one of two or more names that apply to the same taxon according to MSW AI subspecies_HMW_interpreted HMW accepted rank below species, used for populations that live in different areas and vary in size, shape, or other physical characteristics, but that can successfully interbreed AJ synonym_HMW_interpreted one of two or more names that apply to the same taxon according to HMW AK subspecies_batnames_interpreted batnames accepted rank below species, used for populations that live in different areas and vary in size, shape, or other physical characteristics, but that can successfully interbreed AL synonym_batnames_interpreted one of two or more names that apply to the same taxon according to batnames AM synonym_MDD_interpreted one of two or more names that apply to the same taxon according to MDD AN subspecies_batnames2023_interpreted batnames2023 accepted rank below species, used for populations that live in different areas and vary in size, shape, or other physical characteristics, but that can successfully interbreed AO synonym_batnames2023_interpreted one of two or more names that apply to the same taxon according to batnames2023 AP synonym_MDD2023_interpreted one of two or more names that apply to the same taxon according to MDD2023 AR docId_HMW Plazi internal unique identifier AS docOrigin_HMW the origin or source of the document, citation AT docISBN_HMW the International Standard Book Number of a document AU docName_HMW internal file name for the chapter extracted through Plazi AV docMasterId_HMW internal unique Plazi identifier AW docPageNumber_HMW the page number of HMW the species record was found AX derivedFrom AY name_HMW valid binomial name according to Handbook Mammal of the World Vol 9 Bats AZ family_HMW In taxonomy, the family ranks below the order and above the genus. BA genus_HMW the genus of a species, as interpreted or according to Handbook Mammal of the World Vol 9 Bats BB species_HMW the species of a organism, as interpreted or according to Handbook Mammal of the World Vol 9 Bats BC AuthorityName_HMW the name of the author or source that provided the first published description of the species BD AuthorityYear_HMW the year in which the author or source provided the first published description of the species BE commonName_HMW common or vernacular names for a species, may vary geographically BF taxonomy_HMW specific notes on the classification or categorization of a species within the biological classification system BG subspeciesAndDistribution_HMW subspecies of a species and their geographic distribution BH descriptiveNotes_HMW notes on anatomy, physiology, and typical measurements associated with the species BI habitat_HMW notes on the the natural environment of a species BJ foodAndFeeding_HMW any data on the species food source and/or hunting/foraging habits BK breeding_HMW the reproduction and breeding behaviors of a species BL activityPatterns_HMW the patterns of activity or behavior exhibited by a species including roosting behavior BM movementsHomeRangeAndSocialOrganization_HMW the movements, home range, or social organization of a species BN statusAndConservation_HMW the status and conservation efforts for a species BO bibliography_HMW a list of references or sources used for this treatment BP distributionImageURL_HMW the URL linking the images illustrating the species and their distribution maps associated with this treatment BQ verbatimText_HMW literal text from a source, in some cases retaining extraction errors BR docOrigin_batnames the origin or source of the document, citation BS family_batnames the family of a species, as interpreted or according to Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2018. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. BT name_batnames valid binomial name according to Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2018. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. BU interpretedGenus_batnames the genus of a species, according to Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2018. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. BV subgenus_batnames the subgenus of a species, if applicable BW species_batnames the species of a organism, as interpreted or according to Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2018. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. BX authorship_batnames the author or source of the first published description of the scientific name of a species BY date_batnames the date on which the first published description of the scientific name of a species BZ parentheses (1=author date in parentheses)_batnames a binary value indicating whether the author and date are included in parentheses. A species originally named by its author in a genus other than the one in which it is now placed has parentheses surrounding the author and date. CA citation_batnames the journal or other source first describing the scientific name of a species CB docPageNumber_batnames the page number or range from the journal or other source first describing the scientific name of the species CC commonName_batnames common or vernacular names for a species, may vary geographically CD synonyms_batnames synonyms or alternative names for a species CE type_locality_batnames The type locality is the geographical location where the type material (skin, skeleton, fluid preserved specimen or other material) was collected. In addition, we provide latitude, longitude, and elevation above sea level in all long species entries. Restrictions of the type locality made by revisers are included in the "Type locality" or "Comments" sections. CF distribution_batnames We summarize the range of the species using country names and states, when applicable. When a species is known only from the type locality, we note this under the "Distribution" section. All text accounts use current official "short forms" of the country names given by the US Department of State as of May 30, 2018. These short-form names are also used as the country names in the database, and they are searchable. CG CITES_batnames The conservation status for each bat species is reported based upon listings of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) and the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Redlist (here cited "IUCN"). CH IUCN_batnames IUCN status is provided in each long account with the date of the latest assessment. Note that we use the term "under" when the status of a species was not directly considered, but it was recognized as part of another taxonomic unit when the assessment was made. CI comments_batnames additional notes or comments about a species CJ docOrigin_GBIF citation CK verbatimScientificName_GBIF original, unmodified name as it was recorded in the source dataset. CL sciname_GBIF scientific name of the taxon, as validated by GBIF's taxonomic backbone. CM name_GBIF the scientific name of the taxon. This may be the same as the "SciName" column, or it may be a different name that is related to the "SciName" in some way (e.g., as a synonym or a variation in spelling). CN matchType_GBIF the type of match that GBIF found between the verbatim name and the scientific name. This may be an "EXACT" match, a "FUZZY" match, or no match at all. If GBIF finds an exact match between a name in the source dataset and a name in the taxonomic backbone, it will classify the match as "EXACT". This means that the name in the source dataset is identical to the name in the taxonomic backbone, with no differences in spelling, capitalization, or other formatting. On the other hand, if GBIF finds a name in the source dataset that is similar to a name in the taxonomic backbone, but with some minor differences, it will classify the match as "FUZZY". This may occur if there are small differences in spelling, capitalization, or formatting, or if the name in the source dataset is a synonym of the name in the taxonomic backbone. If GBIF is unable to find any matching name in the taxonomic backbone, it will classify the match as "NO MATCH". This may indicate that the name in the source dataset is incorrect or that it is not yet recognized as a valid scientific name. CO confidence_GBIF level of confidence that GBIF has in the scientific name provided in the "SciName" column. This may be based on various factors, such as the number of sources that support the name, the degree of agreement among sources, and the reliability of the sources themselves. CP status_GBIF current status of the scientific name, such as whether it is accepted or rejected, or whether it is a synonym of another name CQ rank_GBIF the taxonomic rank of the taxon, such as species, genus, family, or kingdom. CR kingdom_GBIF the kingdom of a species, according to GBIF Secretariat (2021). GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Checklist dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/39omei accessed via GBIF.org on 2022-09-16. CS phylum_GBIF the phylum of a species, according to GBIF Secretariat (2021). GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Checklist dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/39omei accessed via GBIF.org on 2022-09-16. CT class_GBIF the class of a species, according to GBIF Secretariat (2021). GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Checklist dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/39omei accessed via GBIF.org on 2022-09-16. CU order_GBIF the order of a species, according to GBIF Secretariat (2021). GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Checklist dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/39omei accessed via GBIF.org on 2022-09-16. CV family_GBIF the family of a species, according to GBIF Secretariat (2021). GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Checklist dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/39omei accessed via GBIF.org on 2022-09-16. CW genus_GBIF the genus of a species, according to GBIF Secretariat (2021). GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Checklist dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/39omei accessed via GBIF.org on 2022-09-16. CX species_GBIF the species name, according to GBIF Secretariat (2021). GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Checklist dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/39omei accessed via GBIF.org on 2022-09-16. CY canonicalName_GBIF This column may contain the "canonical" or standardized form of the scientific name, with any variations in spelling or formatting resolved. CZ authorship_GBIF name(s) of the scientist(s) who described the taxon and established its scientific name DA docOrigin_MDD the origin or source of a document DB name_MDD valid binomial name according to Mammal Diversity Database. (2022). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.9.1) [Data set]. Zenodo. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4139818 DC phylosort_MDD classification or sorting of species based on their evolutionary relationships or phylogeny DD mainCommonName_MDD The common name for the species, in the form used in the Handbook of the Mammals of the World series. The name is capitalized and hyphenated as necessary, and is the most broadly encompassing name to avoid confusion where possible. DE otherCommonNames_MDD additional common names for the taxon DF subclass_MDD the subclass of a species, according to Mammal Diversity Database. (2022). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.9.1) [Data set]. Zenodo. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4139818 DG infraclass_MDD the infraclass of a species, according to Mammal Diversity Database. (2022). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.9.1) [Data set]. Zenodo. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4139819 DH magnorder_MDD the magnorder of a species, according to Mammal Diversity Database. (2022). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.9.1) [Data set]. Zenodo. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4139820 DI superorder_MDD the superorder of a species, according to Mammal Diversity Database. (2022). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.9.1) [Data set]. Zenodo. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4139821 DJ order_MDD the order of a species, according to Mammal Diversity Database. (2022). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.9.1) [Data set]. Zenodo. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4139822 DK suborder_MDD the suborder of a species, according to Mammal Diversity Database. (2022). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.9.1) [Data set]. Zenodo. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4139823 DL infraorder_MDD the infraorder of a species, according to Mammal Diversity Database. (2022). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.9.1) [Data set]. Zenodo. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4139824 DM parvorder_MDD the parvoorder of a species, according to Mammal Diversity Database. (2022). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.9.1) [Data set]. Zenodo. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4139825 DN superfamily_MDD the superfamily of a species, according to Mammal Diversity Database. (2022). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.9.1) [Data set]. Zenodo. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4139826 DO family_MDD the family of a species, according to Mammal Diversity Database. (2022). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.9.1) [Data set]. Zenodo. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4139827 DP subfamily_MDD the subfamily of a species, according to Mammal Diversity Database. (2022). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.9.1) [Data set]. Zenodo. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4139828 DQ tribe_MDD the tribe of a species, if applicable, according to Mammal Diversity Database. (2022). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.9.1) [Data set]. Zenodo. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4139829 DR genus_MDD the genus of a species, according to Mammal Diversity Database. (2022). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.9.1) [Data set]. Zenodo. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4139830 DS subgenus_MDD the subgenus of a species, according to Mammal Diversity Database. (2022). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.9.1) [Data set]. Zenodo. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4139831 DT specificEpithet_MDD the second part of a scientific name, indicating the species to which the name belongs DU authoritySpeciesAuthor_MDD the author or source of the first published description of the scientific name of a species DV authoritySpeciesYear_MDD the year which the first published description of the scientific name of a species DW authorityParentheses_MDD a binary value indicating whether the author and date are included in parentheses. A species originally named by its author in a genus other than the one in which it is now placed has parentheses surrounding the author and date. DX originalNameCombination_MDD as spelled in the original taxonomic description of that species DY authoritySpeciesCitation_MDD species authority: author last name(s) that first described the species following typical guidelines for format with specifics listed here; all authors on the author line of the publication in which the species is described are included; a comma is presented after the second to last name if there are more than two authors (e.g., S. E. Pavan, Mendes-Oliveira, Voss); if the volume was described in a book or journal article with a differing set of editors/authors in the author line, an 'in' is used after the initial authors, followed by the editors/authors of the primary text (e.g., Ambrose in Butynski, Kingdon, Kalina); when two authors share the same surname, the initials are added before the surname in both cases, and if they share the same initials, than the middle name is also written out (e.g. J. A. Allen and G. M. Allen); for names of Chinese, Korean, and Indochinese origin, the full name is writen out with the suriname put first and hyphens removed to match the format typically given in Chinese publication (e.g., Kuo Haochih, Fang Yinping, Csorba, Lee Lingling); the suffix 'Jr.' is not included in any name unless it is fully spelt out and part of the surname DZ authoritySpeciesLink_MDD species authority: year that author first described the species EA holotypeVoucher_MDD a voucher specimen that serves as a basis for taxonomic description of a new taxon (e.g. a new species). EB holotypeVoucherURIs_MDD museum number of the holotype, as gleaned from museum databases or original publication EC typeLocality_MDD geographic locality of where the holotype was collected or observed; as published with edited place names in CMW 2020 and matched to MDD species, then updated to the currently recognized taxonomy ED typeLocalityLatitude_MDD geographic coordinate for voucher specimen that serves as a basis for taxonomic description of a new taxon was found EE typeLocalityLongitude_MDD geographic coordinate for voucher specimen that serves as a basis for taxonomic description of a new taxon was found EF nominalNames_MDD A nomenclatural concept denoted by an available name used in an original description, and based, actually or potentially, upon its name-bearing type but having no defined taxonomic boundaries. Any nominal names (names that are not formally recognized but are used as a placeholder until a formal scientific name is established) for a taxon. EG taxonomyNotes_MDD notes by MDD staff upon making taxonomic changes -- separated by semicolons (;) taxonomic notes according to Mammal Diversity Database. (2022). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.9.1) [Data set]. Zenodo. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4139831 EH taxonomyNotesCitation_MDD evidence citation backing up the changes made by MDD staff; separated by pipies (|), cited publications discussing species' taxonomy specific to this record EI countryDistribution_MDD each country in which the species is extant or reintroduced into its native distribution is listed and separated by pipes (|); only the species native distribution or ancient introductions are included, whereas subjectively recently introduced populations in different countries are not included; countries in which the species is uncertainly present or possibly extinct are listed with a question mark (?) following the country; domestic species are listed as "Domesticated"; for fully extinct species, the distribution reflects the species distribution in the last 500 years (although this is somewhat subjective as well); for marine species, the countries in which the species is found along the coastline or in inland rivers are listed; when an 'and' is present within the countries name, it is listed using the ampersand (); dependencies are listed when geographically distant from there dependent country (see list below for specific examples); there are a number of city states and minor territories that are not included separately since most distributional data does not account for these regions, these include Andorra, Monaco, San Marino, the Vatican, Gibralter, Saint Pierre Miquelon, and any nearby islands or exclaves that are geographically close to the primary country or territory EJ continentDistribution_MDD The continents where a taxon is found. EK biogeographicRealm_MDD broadest biogeographic division of Earth's land surface, based on distributional patterns of terrestrial organisms EL iucnStatus_MDD The IUCN conservation status records whether animal or plant species is threatened with extinction in their native home. IUCN conservation statuses as given in CMW 2020 (from IUCN 2020-2) and matched to MDD species, then updated to the currently recognized taxonomy ('NA' means not yet assessed by the IUCN; 19 domestic species are also not evaluated; otherwise the standard IUCN status acronyms are used) EM extinct_MDD the complete disappearance of a living species from Earth EN domestic_MDD mammals that have been domesticated, or bred and kept by humans as pets or for other purposes such as work or food, 0 = species is wild; 1 = species is domesticated; domestic species are treated as distinct entities for politicaly/conservation purposes here for species with ancient domestication history (19 species in total, including Homo sapiens); this arrangement follows guidelines from the following publication - Gentry, A., Clutton-Brock, J., Groves, C. P. (2004). The naming of wild animal species and their domestic derivatives. Journal of Archaeological Science, 31(5), 645-651. EO flagged_MDD flagged for further review, 0 = valid, not flagged; 1 = flagged as taxonomically questionable EP CMW_sciName_MDD unique combination of taxonomic genus and specific epithet with an underscore connecting them -- from the Illustrated Checklist of the Mammals of the World (CMW) EQ diffSinceCMW_MDD CMW 2020 and matched to MDD species, then updated to the currently recognized taxonomy ER MSW3_matchtype_MDD category of automated or manual matching to the third edition of Mammals Species of the World (MSW3) scientific names ES MSW3_sciName_MDD scientific name as matched to the MSW3 taxonomy ET diffSinceMSW3_MDD 0 = species present in MSW3 taxonomy; 1 = species is new since MSW3 cutoff of ~2004 EU docOrigin_IUCN the origin or source of the document, citation EV internalTaxonId_IUCN Internal Record ID EW NAME_IUCN taxonomic binomial according to IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022]. EX kingdomName_IUCN the kingdom of a species, according to IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022]. EY phylumName_IUCN the phylum of a species, according to IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022]. EZ className_IUCN the class of a species, according to IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022]. FA orderName_IUCN the order of a species, according to IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022]. FB familyName_IUCN the family od a species, according to IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022]. FC genusName_IUCN the genus of a species, according to IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022]. FD speciesName_IUCN the species of a organism, according to IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022]. FE authority_IUCN the name of the author or source that provided the first published description of the species FF taxonomicNotes_IUCN provide a summary of any recent or ongoing taxonomic debates about the taxons validity, any taxonomic changes that are expected to happen in the near future, and sometimes include information about the taxonomic history leading up to the current taxonomic treatment. FG assessmentId_IUCN internal identification number FH internalTaxonId_IUCN internal identification number FI scientificName_IUCN taxonomic binomial according to IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022]. FJ redlistCategory_IUCN The IUCN Red List Category the taxon is listed under. Note that the Red List Category has a hyperlink embedded; by clicking on the category you will automatically search the Red List for a list of all species listed in that category. FK redlistCriteria_IUCN The Red List Criteria met are displayed for taxa assessed as threatened (i.e., taxa assessed as Critically Endangered (CR), Endangered (EN) or Vulnerable (VU)), and criteria that are nearly met are displayed for Near Threatened (NT) taxa. Note that only the criteria that are met for the highest Red List Category (i.e., the category assigned to the taxon) are shown. FL yearPublished_IUCN Two dates are displayed: the date assessed is the date the assessment was completed, and the year published is the year in which the assessment was published on The IUCN Red List website. These dates may use the same year, or there may be several years between them (e.g., if the assessment is part of a large global assessment project, it may not be submitted to the Red List Unit until all assessments for the project are completed; or a submitted assessment may be returned with comments for the Assessors to address and it may be some time before it is resubmitted). FM assessmentDate_IUCN Two dates are displayed: the date assessed is the date the assessment was completed, and the year published is the year in which the assessment was published on The IUCN Red List website. These dates may use the same year, or there may be several years between them (e.g., if the assessment is part of a large global assessment project, it may not be submitted to the Red List Unit until all assessments for the project are completed; or a submitted assessment may be returned with comments for the Assessors to address and it may be some time before it is resubmitted). FN criteriaVersion_IUCN The version of the Red List Categories and Criteria used for the assessment. Most assessments published on The IUCN Red List use the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 3.1 (IUCN 2001, 2012). However, there are still some taxa that were last assessed in 1996-2000; these assessments used the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 2.4 (IUCN 1994). Click here for a summary of the differences between the two versions. FO language_IUCN The assessment language is highlighted. The IUCN Red List now accepts assessments in English, French, Spanish and Portuguese. FP rationale_IUCN To justify the Red List Category and Criteria selectedInclude any inferences or uncertainty that relate to the interpretation of the data and information in relation to the criteria and their thresholds.1Note that all taxa assessed must be validly published in accordance with the appropriate international nomenclatural codes and should be currently accepted names. Standard taxonomic checklists should be used wherever possible for names. The standard lists adopted by IUCN are periodically reviewed and listed on the Red List website: http://www.iucnredlist.org/info/info_sources_quality.html . For many groups no standards are available, or there may be a valid reason for adopting another treatment. In such cases, the taxonomic treatment followed should be indicated and if not one of the standards followed by IUCN, the reference should be cited in full and a reason for the deviation given22This should include the date of publication, except in the case of plant names. The abbreviations used for author names of plants should follow Brummitt and Powell (1992) and subsequent updates on the International Plant Names Index website (http://www.ipni.org/index.html ) FQ habitat_IUCN The general habitat types the taxon mainly occupies (e.g., forest, savanna, shrubland, wetlands, marine oceanic, etc.) and whether there is continuing decline in area, extent and/or quality of habitat. Note that the habitat types have embedded hyperlinks; by clicking on habitat type, you will automatically search the Red List website for a list of all species coded as occurring in that general habitat. FR threats_IUCN The Threats section includes the following information: The general threats affecting the taxon are displayed (e.g., residential commercial development, biological resource use, pollution, climate change severe weather, etc.). Note that the general threat types have embedded hyperlinks; by clicking on threat, you will automatically search the Red List website for a list of all species that are coded as being affected by that general threat. Below each general threat, more specific threats are listed (e.g., housing urban areas, logging wood harvesting, domestic urban waste water, temperature extremes, etc.). A description of what is currently known about the threats affecting the taxon, which often includes information on threatening activities and events, where in the taxons range the most serious threats are, and why the taxon is particularly susceptible to these activities.Threats Classification Scheme codes are displayed, along with the following details:1. The timing of the threat (i.e., ongoing; past (unlikely to return); past (likely to return); future; or unknown).2. The stresses placed on the taxon (based on the Stresses Classification Scheme).3. The scope of the threat (i.e., the threat affects the whole (90%); majority (50-90%); minority (50%); or an unknown proportion of the population).4. The severity of the threat (i.e., causing very rapid declines; rapid declines; slow, significant declines; causing/could cause fluctuations; negligible declines; no decline; or unknown). FS population_IUCN A description of the population, including what is known about population size, trends, and structure (e.g., how many subpopulations there are, degree of fragmentation of the population, etc.). FT populationTrend_IUCN The current population trend is displayed. There are four options for this general description of the population trend at the time of the assessment: increasing, decreasing, stable or unknown. Note that the population trend includes a hyperlink; by clicking on the trend, you will automatically search the Red List website for a list of all species coded with that population trend. To apply the IUCN Red List Criteria, Assessors must use a range of parameters (see the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 3.1 and the Red List Guidelines for definitions and guidance on how to estimate these parameters). Where data are available, they are displayed in the fact sheet. The parameters relating to population are:1. The number of mature individuals (= population size) and whether there is any continuing decline or extreme fluctuations in population size.2. The number of subpopulations and whether there is any continuing decline, or extreme fluctuations in subpopulations.3. Where all mature individuals exist within one population only, the section All individuals in one subpopulation will be noted as Yes.4. Where the number of mature individuals occurring in the largest population has been recorded, this will appear in under No. of individuals in largest subpopulation. FU range_IUCN The text in the Range description section explains what is currently known about the taxons geographic range, including its current distribution and historic range where the taxon no longer occurs (where this information is available). FV useTrade_IUCN A description of use and trade of the species, including details of how it is used, which parts of the taxon are collected (entire individuals or parts of individuals), etc. FW systems_IUCN Three broad systems are recorded to identify whether the taxon occurs in terrestrial, marine or freshwater habitats, or a combination of these. Note that the systems recorded have embedded hyperlinks; by clicking on the system, you will automatically search the Red List website for a list of all species coded as occurring in that system. FX conservationActions_IUCN The Conservation Actions section includes the following information: The general conservation actions currently in place (e.g., research monitoring, land/water protection, management, education, etc.). Below each general conservation action in place, more specific conservation actions are listed (e.g., action recovery plan, occurs in at least one protected area, harvest management plan, included in international legislation, etc.). A description of what is currently known about the conservation actions currently in place, and the recommended actions to help protect the taxon. Often this includes information on national and international legislation, current status on national Red Lists, occurrence in named protected areas, legislation that is or is not well enforced, education programmes, etc. FY realm_IUCN the basic spatial unit in our world regionalization scheme, the broadest biogeographic division of Earth's land surface, based on distributional patterns of terrestrial organisms FZ yearLastSeen_IUCN Year last seen is shown for taxa that are assessed as Extinct (EX), Extinct in the Wild (EW), and for Critically Endangered taxa that are flagged as Possibly Extinct (CR(PE)) or Possibly Extinct in the Wild (CR(PEW)). The year last seen is intended to indicate when the taxon was last recorded in the wild (based on sightings, collections, photographic evidence, or some other evidence of live individuals being present at that time). In general, extinction, or possible extinction, is considered to have happened sometime between the year last seen and the date assessed for the first time the taxon was assessed as EX, EW, CR(PE) or CR(PEW). For more information on how to determine extinction, see the Red List Guidelines and the Extinction assessment tools. GA possiblyExtinct_IUCN All countries of occurrence, and some sub-country units (states, provinces, etc.), are coded for presence (extant, possibly extant, possibly extinct, extinct post-1500, or presence uncertain), origin (native, reintroduced, introduced, vagrant, origin uncertain, or assisted colonisation) and seasonality (resident, breeding season, non-breeding season, passage, or seasonal occurrence uncertain). These codes are used to display country lists in different groups (native range countries by presence and seasonality, introduced range countries, vagrant range countries, etc.). GB possiblyExtinctInTheWild_IUCN All countries of occurrence, and some sub-country units (states, provinces, etc.), are coded for presence (extant, possibly extant, possibly extinct, extinct post-1500, or presence uncertain), origin (native, reintroduced, introduced, vagrant, origin uncertain, or assisted colonisation) and seasonality (resident, breeding season, non-breeding season, passage, or seasonal occurrence uncertain). These codes are used to display country lists in different groups (native range countries by presence and seasonality, introduced range countries, vagrant range countries, etc.). GC scopes_MSW3 The scope of the assessment indicates whether the assessment is for the global population, or if it is a regional assessment (i.e., an assessment of only part of the global population) GD docOrigin_MSW3 the origin or source of the document, citation GE order_MSW3 This is the taxonomic rank of Order, which is a group of related families according to Don E. Wilson DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu). GF family_MSW3 This is the taxonomic rank of Family, which is a group of related genera, according to Don E. Wilson DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu). GG subfamily_MSW3 This is the taxonomic rank of Subfamily, which is a group of related genera that are more closely related to each other than to other genera within the same family, according to Don E. Wilson DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu). GH tribe_MSW3 This is the taxonomic rank of Tribe, which is a group of related genera that are more closely related to each other than to other genera within the same subfamily.Name_MSW3: This is the scientific name of the species, according to Don E. Wilson DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu). GI name_MSW3 This is the scientific name of the species, according to Don E. Wilson DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu). GJ genus_MSW3 This is the taxonomic rank of Genus, which is a group of related species, according to Don E. Wilson DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu). GK subgenus_MSW3 This is the taxonomic rank of Subgenus, which is a group of related species that are more closely related to each other than to other species within the same genus, according to Don E. Wilson DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu). GL species_MSW3 This is the taxonomic rank of Species, which is a group of related organisms that are capable of interbreeding and producing viable offspring, according to Don E. Wilson DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu). GM authoritySpeciesAuthor_MSW3 the author or source of the first published description of the scientific name of a species GN (parentheses (1=author date in parentheses)_MSW3 a binary value indicating whether the author and date are included in parentheses. A species originally named by its author in a genus other than the one in which it is now placed has parentheses surrounding the author and date. GO authoritySpeciesYear_MSW3 the year of the first published description of the scientific name of a species GP actualDate_MSW3 in early publications, sometimes the article is listed under its date of submission or actual publication year. The article might be cited under either of these dates GQ citation_MSW3 This is the publication in which the species was first described and named. GR volume_MSW3 This is the volume number of the publication in which the species was first described and named. GS issue_MSW3 This is the issue number of the publication in which the species was first described and named. GT pages_MSW3 This is the page or page range on which the species was first described and named. GU type_species_MSW3 This is the species assigned to the specimen from which the species was first described and named GV commonName_MSW3 Unlike previous editions, we have provided a common name for each recognized species. The starting point for these names is Wilson and Cole (2000), but each author was encouraged to examine those names and to provide a different one if there was good reason to do so. Thus, this list can be viewed as a second edition of Wilson and Cole (2000). There are no rules governing vernacular names, but Wilson and Cole (2000) outlined several reasons for adopting a single such name for each species of mammal. GW typeLocality_MSW3 The type locality is the geographical site where the type material of a species was obtained. Type localities quoted exactly from the original description are enclosed in quotation marks. Information not surrounded by quotation marks has been arranged where possible with the current country name followed by state, province, or district, and specific locality. Elevation above sea level has been included when available, as have global coordinates in some cases. When appropriate, restrictions of the type locality made by revisers have been included as well. GX distribution_MSW3 The geographical range of each species is summarized using contemporary political units or, in some cases, geographical names. However, geographical names are usually used only when the entire area is included in the range of the species. We have attempted to standardize usage and spelling, but some inconsistencies may remain, particularly in transliterations from other alphabets. Country names have changed drastically during the time the text was being prepared; we have attempted to give the most current name whenever possible. Current country names have been standardized according to the list of Independent States of the World, produced by the U.S. Department of State as of February 7, 2003. With the exception of the Republic of Congo and the Democratic Republic of Congo (herein abbreviated as Dem. Rep. Congo), the official short-forms of country names were used. Geographic names are subject to rapid changes in many parts of the world. Readers are urged to consult geographic thesauruses and local governmental lists when questions arise. Distribution records resulting from human introduction are sometimes noted. Maps of the distributions of many species are provided in the cited literature. If a species is known only from the type locality, that is noted. GY status_MSW3 Mammal species covered by the regulations for the U.S. Endangered Species Act (U.S. ESA) as of February 12, 2004; those listed in the 2003 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Animals, and those listed in the appendices of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) as of March 2, 2004 are noted in the text in this category. Additionally, some authors have included local governmental regulations in this field as well as general comments regarding the conservation status of particular species. For U.S. ESA listings, the categories of Endangered and Threatened (and supplemental categories such as proposed listings, emergency listings, and delisted taxa) are included. For the IUCN listings, the categories of Extinct, Extinct in the Wild, Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable, Lower Risk - near threatened (nt), Lower Risk - least concern (lc), Lower Risk - conservation dependent (cd), and Data Deficient are included. IUCN listings for species either officially "Not Evaluated" or not yet on the IUCN list are not included. For the CITES listings, Appendix I, II, and III are listed, where Appendix I includes species threatened with extinction that are or may be affected by trade, Appendix II includes species that although not necessarily threatened may become so unless trade in them is strictly controlled, as well as nonthreatened species that must be subject to regulation in order to control threatened species, and Appendix III includes species that any Party identifies as being subject to regulation within its jurisdiction for purposes of preventing or restricting exploitation, and for which it needs the cooperation of other Parties in controlling trade. Readers are cautioned against interpreting the lack of information in a status field as an indication that a particular species is not threatened. In many cases, recent taxonomic changes that are not yet reflected in the evaluations of the major conservation agencies will result in a taxon not being listed that is in fact endangered. Readers should consult the following websites for updates to the status fields: U.S. ESA (http://endangered.fws.gov/); IUCN (http://www.redlist.org); and CITES http://www.cites.org). GZ synonym_MSW3 Authors have attempted to provide taxonomic lists consistent with recent literature, tempered by their own individual judgments. Considerable effort has been expended to compile a complete list of synonyms that have been used in the scientific literature for each taxon. These are usually either names of later origin than that used (junior synonyms) or names that are invalid systematically, for various reasons. Also included here are subspecies names, including any that might be currently recognized. Currently recognized subspecies are listed in boldface type, followed by their junior synonyms. Names listed before a boldfaced subspecies are synonyms of the nominate form. Subsequent emendations, misspellings, incorrect allocations, and partial synonyms are not included, for the most part. Theoretically, any scientific name used for a mammal should be found in this volume, either as a currently recognized species or as a synonym. One addition to this edition is the inclusion of the authority and date for each synonym, which should make it easier to find the original description of the name. HA comments_MSW3 Taxonomic and nomenclatorial alternatives are accompanied by appropriate documentation, including opinions of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN); revisions and additional literature sources are also cited. In the interest of brevity, secondary reference sources are sometimes cited to document taxonomic evidence, and reference to the primary sources can be found therein. Personal opinions of the author(s) and unpublished information are sometimes included here as well. When appropriate, other data such as references discussing type locality, occurrence of hybridization, and species known only from a single or few specimens are also included in the comments section. Absence of a comments section may indicate either that the species is taxonomically uncontroversial or that it is too poorly known to require comment. HB docOrigin_batnames the origin or source of the document, citation HC family_batnames the family of a species, as interpreted or according to Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2018. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. HD GENUS_batnames2023 the genus of a species, according to Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2018. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. HE subgenus_batnames the subgenus of a species, if applicable HF species_batnames the species of a organism, as interpreted or according to Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2018. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. HG authorship_batnames the author or source of the first published description of the scientific name of a species HH date_batnames the date on which the first published description of the scientific name of a species HI parentheses (1=author date in parentheses)_batnames a binary value indicating whether the author and date are included in parentheses. A species originally named by its author in a genus other than the one in which it is now placed has parentheses surrounding the author and date. HJ citation_batnames the journal or other source first describing the scientific name of a species HK docPageNumber_batnames the page number or range from the journal or other source first describing the scientific name of the species HL commonName_batnames common or vernacular names for a species, may vary geographically HM synonyms_batnames synonyms or alternative names for a species HN type_locality_batnames The type locality is the geographical location where the type material (skin, skeleton, fluid preserved specimen or other material) was collected. In addition, we provide latitude, longitude, and elevation above sea level in all long species entries. Restrictions of the type locality made by revisers are included in the "Type locality" or "Comments" sections. HO distribution_batnames We summarize the range of the species using country names and states, when applicable. When a species is known only from the type locality, we note this under the "Distribution" section. All text accounts use current official "short forms" of the country names given by the US Department of State as of May 30, 2018. These short-form names are also used as the country names in the database, and they are searchable. HP CITES_batnames The conservation status for each bat species is reported based upon listings of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) and the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Redlist (here cited "IUCN"). HQ IUCN_batnames IUCN status is provided in each long account with the date of the latest assessment. Note that we use the term "under" when the status of a species was not directly considered, but it was recognized as part of another taxonomic unit when the assessment was made. HR comments_batnames additional notes or comments about a species HS docOrigin_MDD the origin or source of a document HT name_MDD valid binomial name according to Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). HU id_MDD2023 unique identification number used for indexing and permalinking; initially numbered (14 Sep 2020) as counting up from 1000001 when sorting by phylosort, suborder, infraorder... genus, speciesEpithet; subsequent numbering will be added from 1006485 and up HV phylosort_MDD sort the 27 extant orders of mammals according to their phylogenetic hierarchy, following Figure 1 in the Introduction of Checklist of the Mammals of the World (2020) HW mainCommonName_MDD common name in the form used in the Handbook of the Mammals of the world series; all words capitalized unless it is the second word in a hyphenated word; directions and any 'and' statements in names are hyphenated (e.g., Black-and-white Ruffed Lemur, South-western Myotis); consistency is attempted throughout a genus in terms of unique name and names based on the genus are typically avoided, although not exclusively (e.g., all Crocidura with the name 'White-toothed Shrew'; the use of White-bellied Rat instead of Niviventer as the common name for the genus); the name is the most broadly encompasing named to avoid confusion when possible (e.g., the use of Wapiti for Cervus canadensis rather than 'Elk', which is also used for Alces alces in Europe) HX otherCommonNames_MDD other common names that have been used for the species as identified in literature; all names are separated by pipes (|) and follow the same format listed under 'mainCommonName' HY subclass_MDD taxonomic subclass HZ infraclass_MDD taxonomic infraclass (if applicable) IA magnorder_MDD taxonomic magnorder (if applicable) IB superorder_MDD taxonomic superorder (if applicable) IC order_MDD taxonomic order, all caps ID suborder_MDD taxonomic suborder (if applicable), all caps IE infraorder_MDD taxonomic parvorder (if applicable), all caps IF parvorder_MDD taxonomic infraorder (if applicable), all caps IG superfamily_MDD taxonomic superfamily (if applicable), all caps IH family_MDD taxonomic family, all caps II subfamily_MDD taxonomic subfamily (if applicable), all caps IJ tribe_MDD taxonomic tribe (if applicable), all caps IK genus_MDD taxonomic genus IL subgenus_MDD taxonomic subgenus (note: this field is incomplete and under active curation) IM specificEpithet_MDD taxonomic species epithet IN authoritySpeciesAuthor_MDD species authority: author last name(s) that first described the species following typical guidelines for format with specifics listed here; all authors on the author line of the publication in which the species is described are included; a comma is presented after the second to last name if there are more than two authors (e.g., S. E. Pavan, Mendes-Oliveira, Voss); if the volume was described in a book or journal article with a differing set of editors/authors in the author line, an 'in' is used after the initial authors, followed by the editors/authors of the primary text (e.g., Ambrose in Butynski, Kingdon, Kalina); when two authors share the same surname, the initials are added before the surname in both cases, and if they share the same initials, than the middle name is also written out (e.g. J. A. Allen and G. M. Allen); for names of Chinese, Korean, and Indochinese origin, the full name is writen out with the suriname put first and hyphens removed to match the format typically given in Chinese publication (e.g., Kuo Haochih, Fang Yinping, Csorba, Lee Lingling); the suffix 'Jr.' is not included in any name unless it is fully spelt out and part of the surname IO authoritySpeciesYear_MDD species authority: year that author first described the species IP authorityParentheses_MDD 0 for no parentheses around authority; 1 for parentheses around authority IQ originalNameCombination_MDD the name combination for each species as it appears in the original description IR authoritySpeciesCitation_MDD full literature citation of the authority publication as well as the page in which the name either first appears (in older publications, or when an obvious description is unavailable) or where the obvious description of the species begins; citations for papers written in languages other than English are writen in the language in which they appear with the exception of non-latanic lettering (e.g., Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese), in which case the citation is translated to English and a disclaimer is added in brackets after the citations page number (e.g., [original in Chinese]); the citation is in APA format in concordance with the following examples; journal publication - GarcÃa, F. J., SÃnchez-HernÃndez, J., Semedo, T. B. (2014). DescripciÃn de una nueva especie de comadrejita ratona del gÃnero Marmosops Matschie, 1916 (Didelphimorphia, Didelphidae). Therya, 5(3), 704. doi: 10.12933/therya-14-209 (DOI when available for recent papers); book - Linnaeus, C. von. (1758). Systema Naturae. Regnum Animale. 10th Ed. Laurentius Salvius, Stockholm, Sweden, 1, 54.; chapter/designated authorship within a book/journal - Handley Jr., C. O. Gordon, L. K. (1979). New species of mammals from northern South America: mouse opossum, genus Marmosa Gray. In J. F. Eisenberg (ed.). Vertebrate ecology in the Northern Neotropics. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, USA, 68. IS authoritySpeciesLink_MDD hyperlink to that publication listed under the 'authoritySpeciesCitation' column or the journals page for the abstract for publications without open access IT holotypeVoucher_MDD museum number of the type series as gleaned from museum databases or original publication with labels in brackets following the museum number to indicate whether the specimen is the holotype or a paratype; if the species is represented by multilpe syntypes (including the concept of cotypes), then they are listed separately with labels in brackets indicating that they are syntypes; if a lectotype of a type series has been indicated, all specimens from the original type series will also be included, being labeled in brackets as the lectotype or paralectotypes; in cases where the type specimen was lost or destroyed and a neotype was designated, the neotype is the specimen listed here with a label in brackets that may include information on the previous holotype or lectotype; when no type material is designated or known, the field is left blank for now IU holotypeVoucherURIs_MDD link(s) to the specimen in external website(s), including the hosting museum collection IV typeLocality_MDD geographic locality of where the holotype was collected or observed; as published with edited place names in CMW 2020 and matched to MDD species, then updated to the currently recognized taxonomy IW typeLocalityLatitude_MDD geographic locality of the type specimen, latitude in decimal degrees IX typeLocalityLongitude_MDD geographic locality of the type specimen, longitude in decimal degrees IY nominalNames_MDD all nominal specific epithets included under the current definition of the pertinent species including the authority and year with a comma and in parentheses when originally named in a different genus (O. Thomas, 1900); this includes the current name of the species and all nominal senior and junior synonyms, but not subsequent misspelling, earlier spellings under different genera, or name combinations; listed in the style of MSW3 with authorities formated in the same way as the 'authoritySpeciesAuthor' column; if a name is a nomen nudum, nomen dubium, nomen oblitum, or nomen inquirendum, it is listed after the authority in brackets ([nomen nudum]); if a name was preoccupied, the name that preoccupies it is mentioned in brackets after the authority ([preoccupied by pallidus, Thomas, 1899, a synonym of Caluromys derbianus]]); also noted are changes to gender if the gender of the name is changed to match the genus in which the species occurs. IZ taxonomyNotes_MDD notes by MDD staff upon making taxonomic changes -- separated by semicolons (;) taxonomic notes according to Mammal Diversity Database. (2022). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.9.1) [Data set]. Zenodo. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4139831 JA taxonomyNotesCitation_MDD evidence citation backing up the changes made by MDD staff; separated by pipies (|), cited publications discussing species' taxonomy specific to this record JB distributionNotes_MDD2023 more detailed distributional notes than the subregional, country, and continental distribution columns, including notes on the recently introduced populations of the species; includes abbreviations for various cardinal directions and landmarks: mountain/mountains = Mt/Mts, island/islands = I/Is, North = N, South = S, East = E, West = W, Central = C; cardinal directions can be combined to indicate intermediate directions (e.g., Northwest = NW) JC distributionNotesCitation_MDD2023 evidence citation backing up the changes in the distributionNotes column by MDD staff, separated by pipes (|) JD subregionDistribution_MDD2023 each subregion with larger countries in which the species is extanct or reintroduced into its native distribution is listed; subregions will be groups within parentheses following the country in which they are a part of and separated by commas (,); countries will be seaparte by pipies (|) (e.g., USA(VA,MD,ID)|China(...)...); subregions in which the species is uncertainly present or possibly extinct are listed with a question mark (?) following the subregion; subregions will be abbreviated based on standard two or three digit codes defined within each country; for the United States, state codes follow the standard ANSI codes JE countryDistribution_MDD each country in which the species is extant or reintroduced into its native distribution is listed and separated by pipes (|); only the species native distribution or ancient introductions are included, whereas subjectively recently introduced populations in different countries are not included; countries in which the species is uncertainly present or possibly extinct are listed with a question mark (?) following the country; domestic species are listed as "Domesticated"; for fully extinct species, the distribution reflects the species distribution in the last 500 years (although this is somewhat subjective as well); for marine species, the countries in which the species is found along the coastline or in inland rivers are listed; when an 'and' is present within the countries name, it is listed using the ampersand (); dependencies are listed when geographically distant from there dependent country (see list below for specific examples); there are a number of city states and minor territories that are not included separately since most distributional data does not account for these regions, these include Andorra, Monaco, San Marino, the Vatican, Gibralter, Saint Pierre Miquelon, and any nearby islands or exclaves that are geographically close to the primary country or territory JF continentDistribution_MDD The continents where a taxon is found. JG biogeographicRealm_MDD broadest biogeographic division of Earth's land surface, based on distributional patterns of terrestrial organisms JH iucnStatus_MDD The IUCN conservation status records whether animal or plant species is threatened with extinction in their native home. IUCN conservation statuses as given in CMW 2020 (from IUCN 2020-2) and matched to MDD species, then updated to the currently recognized taxonomy ('NA' means not yet assessed by the IUCN; 19 domestic species are also not evaluated; otherwise the standard IUCN status acronyms are used) JI extinct_MDD 0 = extant, 1 = extinct; species has gone entirely extinct or is expected to have become extinct in the last ~500 years (similar criterion as used by IUCN) JJ domestic_MDD 0 = species is wild; 1 = species is domesticated; domestic species are treated as distinct entities for politicaly/conservation purposes here for species with ancient domestication history (19 species in total, including Homo sapiens); this arrangement follows guidelines from the following publication - Gentry, A., Clutton-Brock, J., Groves, C. P. (2004). The naming of wild animal species and their domestic derivatives. Journal of Archaeological Science, 31(5), 645-651. JK flagged_MDD 0 = valid, not flagged; 1 = flagged as taxonomically questionable JL CMW_sciName_MDD unique combination of taxonomic genus and specific epithet with an underscore connecting them -- from the Illustrated Checklist of the Mammals of the World (CMW) JM diffSinceCMW_MDD 0 = species present in CMW taxonomy; 1 = species new since CMW 2020 JN MSW3_matchtype_MDD category of automated or manual matching to the third edition of Mammals Species of the World (MSW3) scientific names JO MSW3_sciName_MDD scientific name as matched to the MSW3 taxonomy JP diffSinceMSW3_MDD 0 = species present in MSW3 taxonomy; 1 = species is new since MSW3 cutoff of ~2004 JQ CONCAT_ALTNAMES concatenated alternative names list includes all alternative name combinations including subspecies, misspellings, nomen dubia, synonyms, abbreviations, etc.
This page was built for dataset: A Standardized Review of Bat Names Across Multiple Taxonomic Authorities
