Dual representations for systemic risk measures

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Abstract: The financial crisis showed the importance of measuring, allocating and regulating systemic risk. Recently, the systemic risk measures that can be decomposed into an aggregation function and a scalar measure of risk, received a lot of attention. In this framework, capital allocations are added after aggregation and can represent bailout costs. More recently, a framework has been introduced, where institutions are supplied with capital allocations before aggregation. This yields an interpretation that is particularly useful for regulatory purposes. In each framework, the set of all feasible capital allocations leads to a multivariate risk measure. In this paper, we present dual representations for scalar systemic risk measures as well as for the corresponding multivariate risk measures concerning capital allocations. Our results cover both frameworks: aggregating after allocating and allocating after aggregation. As examples, we consider the aggregation mechanisms of the Eisenberg-Noe model as well as those of the resource allocation and network flow models.


The article is a relatively comprehensive overview of the important topics -- representation and economic interpretations of some recently proposed measures of systemic risk from convex duality point of view. This paper provides dual representation results for the systemic risk measures \(R^{\mathrm{ins}}\) and \(R^{\mathrm{sen}}\) \[ R^{\mathrm{ins}}(X)=\left\{z\in R^d |\Lambda (X)+\sum_{i=1}^dz_i\in A\right\} \] \[ R^{\mathrm{sen}}(X)=\{z\in R^d |\Lambda (X+z)\in A\} \] as well as for their scalarizations \(\rho^{\mathrm{ins}}\) and \(\rho^{\mathrm{sen}}\) \[ \rho^{\mathrm{ins}}(X)=\rho (\Lambda (X))=\inf \{k\in R |\Lambda (X)+k\in A\} \] \[ \rho^{\mathrm{sen}}(X)=\inf\left\{\sum_{i=1}^d z_i |\Lambda (X+z)\in A\right\} \] in terms of three types of dual variables: probability measures for each of the financial institutions, weights for each of the financial institutions, and probability measures for society. The probability measures can be interpreted as possible models governing the dynamics of the institutions/society. The main results of the paper are collected in Theorem 3.2 followed by some comments on the economic interpretation of these results. The form of the dual representations under some canonical aggregation functions, including that of the Eisenberg-Noe model, are investigated in Section 4. A model uncertainty representation of the sensitive systemic risk measure is discussed in Section 5.




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