Emergence of hydrodynamic spatial long-range correlations in nonequilibrium many-body systems
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Abstract: At large scales of space and time, the nonequilibrium dynamics of local observables in extensive many-body systems is extremely well described by hydrodynamics. At the Euler scale, it is typically assumed that each mesoscopic region of the system independently reaches a state of maximal entropy under the constraints given by the available conservation laws: locally, in each "fluid cell", one finds a Gibbs or generalised Gibbs state. Away from phase transitions maximal entropy states show exponential correlation decay, and independence of fluid cells might be assumed to subsist during the course of time evolution. In this manuscript, we show that this picture is incorrect: regions separated by macroscopic distances develop long-range correlations as time passes. We provide a universal theoretical framework to exactly evaluate these correlations, an adaptation of the macroscopic fluctuation theory to the Euler scale. We verify our exact predictions in a paradigmatic interacting model of many-body physics, the hard-rod gas, by comparing with numerical simulations and finding excellent agreement.
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