Examples of dynamical degree equals arithmetic degree

Heights (11G50) (q)-convexity, (q)-concavity (32F10) Arithmetic and non-Archimedean dynamical systems involving polynomial and rational maps (37P05) Dynamical systems over global ground fields (37P15) Height functions; Green functions; invariant measures in arithmetic and non-Archimedean dynamical systems (37P30) Arithmetic dynamics on general algebraic varieties (37P55)

Abstract: Let f : X --> X be a dominant rational map of a projective variety defined over a number field. An important geometric-dynamical invariant of f is its (first) dynamical degree d_f= lim SpecRadius((f^n)^*)^{1/n}. For algebraic points P of X whose forward orbits are well-defined, there is an analogous (upper) arithmetic degree a_f(P) = limsup h_X(f^n(P))^{1/n}, where h_X is an ample Weil height on X. In an earlier paper, we proved the fundamental inequality a_f(P) le d_f and conjectured that a_f(P) = d_f whenever the orbit of P is Zariski dense. In this paper we show that the conjecture is true for several types of maps. In other cases, we provide support for the conjecture by proving that there is a Zariski dense set of points with disjoint orbits and satisfying a_f(P) = d_f.

Review text

Let \(f : X \rightarrow X\) be a dominant rational map of a projective variety defined over \(\bar{\mathbb{Q}}\). An important geometric-dynamical invariant of \(f\) is its (first) dynamical degree \(\delta_f = \lim \rho((f^n)^*)^{1/n}\). For points \(P \in X(\bar{\mathbb{Q}})\) whose forward orbit is well defined, there is an analogous arithmetic degree \(\bar{\alpha}_f(P)= \limsup h_X(f^n(P))^{1/n}\), where \(h_X\) is an ample Weil height on \(X\). The inequality \(\bar{\alpha}_f(P) \leq \delta_f\) was already proved by the authors in an earlier paper. The authors also conjectured that the equality \(\bar{\alpha}_f(P) = \delta_f\) is attained whenever the orbit \(\mathcal{O}_f(P)\) of the point \(P\) is Zariski dense. In this paper, the authors provide support for the conjecture by proving that, there is a Zariski dense set of points with disjoint orbits and satisfying \(\bar{\alpha}_f(P) = \delta_f\). The inequality \(\bar{\alpha}_f(P) = \delta_f\) is deduced from the positivity of te weak lower canonical height: \[ \underline{h}^0_{f,D}= \liminf \frac{h_D(f^n(P))}{\delta_f^n}. \] This method was already introduced by the authors for maps on the projective space \(\mathbb{P}^n\) in the paper [the second author, ``Dynamical degree, arithmetic entropy and canonical heights for dominant rational self-maps of the projective space, Preprint, \url{arXiv:1111.5664}]. The positivity of the weak lower canonical height is obtained in this paper by doing a local estimate at a special prime \(\mathfrak{p}\) with positive local height contribution \(-\log \| .\|_{\mathfrak{p}} \geq 0\). In the first section of the paper, the authors start by proving the equality \(\bar{\alpha}_f(P) = \delta_f\) for a number of particular cases: (a) \(f\) is a morphism and \(NS(X)_{\mathbb{R}}=\mathbb{R}\). (b) \(f\) is the extension to \(\mathbb{P}^n\) of a regular affine automorphism \(\mathbb{A}^n \rightarrow \mathbb{A}^n\). (c) \(f\) is an automorphism on a smooth projective surface. (d) \(f : \mathbb{P}^N \rightarrow \mathbb{P}^N \) is a monomial map and we consider only points \(P \in \mathbb{G}^N_m(\bar{\mathbb{Q}})\). Together with the article [loc. cit.], this paper constitutes a good introduction to dynamical degrees and many of the properties of this dynamic invariant in relation to different canonical heights and arithmetic degrees.

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