Finitary coloring

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Abstract: Suppose that the vertices of mathbbZd are assigned random colors via a finitary factor of independent identically distributed (iid) vertex-labels. That is, the color of vertex v is determined by a rule that examines the labels within a finite (but random and perhaps unbounded) distance R of v, and the same rule applies at all vertices. We investigate the tail behavior of R if the coloring is required to be proper (that is, if adjacent vertices must receive different colors). When dgeq2, the optimal tail is given by a power law for 3 colors, and a tower (iterated exponential) function for 4 or more colors (and also for 3 or more colors when d=1). If proper coloring is replaced with any shift of finite type in dimension 1, then, apart from trivial cases, tower function behavior also applies.


The topic of the article is the coloring of \({\mathbb{Z}^d}\), \(d\geq 1\), by \({q\in\mathbb{N}}\) colors and the study of asymptotic properties of some existing \(q\)-coloring. More precisely, a \(q\)-coloring of~\({\mathbb{Z}^d}\) is a random element~\(X=(X_v)_{v\in\mathbb{Z}^d}\) of a probability space \({(\{1,\ldots,q\}^{\mathbb{Z}^d},\mathbb{P})}\) such that \({\mathbb{P}(X_u\neq X_v)=1}\) whenever \({|u-v|=1}.\) The authors assume that coloring is a finitary factor of an i.i.d. process (ffiid), i.e., \({X=F(Y)},\) where \(F\) is a measurable functions invariant under shifts of~\(\mathbb{Z}^d\) and \({Y=(Y_v)_{v\in\mathbb{Z}^d}}\) are i.i.d. variables. Furthermore, for almost every \(y\) (under distribution of \(Y\)) there exists \({0\leq r<\infty}\) such that whenever \(\tilde{y}\) agrees with \(y\) on the ball \[ {B(r):=\{v\in\mathbb{Z}^d : |v|=|v_1|+\cdots+|v_d|\leq r\}}, \] the zero values agree: \({F(y)_0=F(\tilde(y))_0}\). In that case, \(R(y)\) is the minimum of \(r\) with such property and \(R(Y)\) is a coding radius. The main results are statements on asymptotic distribution of the coding radius. Let \(\mathrm{tower}(r)=\underbrace{\exp\exp\ldots\exp}_{\lfloor r\rfloor\;\text{times}}1,\) then in the cases \(d=1\), \(q\geq3\) and \(d\geq2\), \(q\geq4\) there exist constants \(c,C>0\) such that: {\parindent=0.7cm \begin{itemize}\item[(1)] for every ffiid \(q\)-coloring \({\mathbb{P}(R>r)>1/\mathrm{tower}(Cr)}\) for any~\({r\geq 0};\) \item[(2)] there exists a ffiid \(q\)-coloring with \({\mathbb{P}(R>r)<1/\mathrm{tower}(cr)}\) for any \({r\geq0}\). In the cases \(d\geq2\) \(q=3\); \item[(3)] for every ffiid 3-coloring \({\mathbb{E}(R^2)=\infty}\); \item[(4)] there exists ffiid 3-coloring with \({\mathbb{P}(R>r)<r^{-\alpha}}\) for any~\({r\geq0}\) and some \({\alpha=\alpha(d)>0}.\) \end{itemize}} Also in the case \(d=1\), a generalization using shifts of finite type is presented.











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