First-order queries on structures of bounded degree are computable with constant delay

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Abstract: A bounded degree structure is either a relational structure all of whose relations are of bounded degree or a functional structure involving bijective functions only. In this paper, we revisit the complexity of the evaluation problem of not necessarily Boolean first-order queries over structures of bounded degree. Query evaluation is considered here as a dynamical process. We prove that any query on bounded degree structures is constantdelaylin, i.e., can be computed by an algorithm that has two separate parts: it has a precomputation step of linear time in the size of the structure and then, it outputs all tuples one by one with a constant (i.e. depending on the size of the formula only) delay between each. Seen as a global process, this implies that queries on bounded structures can be evaluated in total time O(f(|phi|).(|calS|+|phi(calS)|)) and space O(f(|phi|).|calS|) where calS is the structure, phi is the formula, phi(calS) is the result of the query and f is some function. Among other things, our results generalize a result of cite{Seese-96} on the data complexity of the model-checking problem for bounded degree structures. Besides, the originality of our approach compared to that cite{Seese-96} and comparable results is that it does not rely on the Hanf's model-theoretic technic (see cite{Hanf-65}) and is completely effective.




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