Fourier methods for fractional-order operators

Publication date 15 August 2022

Boundary value problems for second-order elliptic equations (35J25) Heat equation (35K05) Boundary value problems for PDEs with pseudodifferential operators (35S15) Pseudodifferential operators (47G30) Processes with independent increments; Lévy processes (60G51)

Abstract: This is a survey on the use of Fourier transformation methods in the treatment of boundary problems for the fractional Laplacian

(- D e l t a)^{a}

(0<a<1), and pseudodifferential generalizations P, over a bounded open set

O m e g a

in

R^{n}

. The presentation starts at an elementary level. Two points are explained in detail: 1) How the factor

d^{a}

, with

d (x) = d i s t (x, d O m e g a)

, comes into the picture, related to the fact that the precise solution spaces for the homogeneous Dirichlet problem are so-called a-transmission spaces. 2) The natural definition of a local nonhomogeneous Dirichlet condition

g a m m a_{0} (u / d^{a - 1}) = v a r p h i

. We also give brief accounts of some further developments: Evolution problems (for

d_{t} u - r^{+} P u = f (x, t)

) and resolvent problems (for

P u - l a m b d a u = f

), also with nonzero boundary conditions. Integration by parts, Green's formula.

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