Ghost Effect from Boltzmann Theory

Authors Raffaele Esposito, Yan Guo, Rossana Marra, Lei Wu

Publication date 23 January 2023

Abstract: Consider the limit

v a r e p s i l o n i g h t a r r o w 0

of the steady Boltzmann problem �egin{align} vcdot

abla_xmathfrak{F}=varepsilon^{-1}Q[mathfrak{F},mathfrak{F}],quad mathfrak{F}�ig|_{vcdot n<0}=M_wdisplaystyleint_{v'cdot n>0} mathfrak{F}(v')|v'cdot n|mathrm{d}{v'}, end{align} where for $x_{0} i n p a r t i a l O m e g a$ is the wall Maxwellian in the diffuse-reflection boundary condition. In the natural case of $| a b l a T_{w} | = O (1)$ , for any constant $P > 0$ , the Hilbert expansion leads to �egin{align}label{expansion} mathfrak{F}approx mu+varepsilon�igg{mu�igg( ho_1+u_1cdot v+T_1frac{|v|^2-3T}{2}�igg)-mu^{frac{1}{2}}left(mathscr{A}cdotfrac{ abla_xT}{2T^2} ight)�igg} end{align} where , and $(h o, u_{1}, T)$ is determined by a Navier-Stokes-Fourier system with "ghost" effect. While it has been an intriguing outstanding mathematical problem to justify the ghost equations from Boltzmann kinetic theory, due to fundamental analytical challenges, such a ghost effect cannot be predicted by the classical fluid theory. We settle this open question in affirmative in the case of �egin{align}label{assumption:boundary} |

abla T_w|_{W^{3,infty}}=o(1). end{align}

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