Height one specializations of Selmer groups

Abstract: We provide applications to studying the behavior of Selmer groups under specialization. We consider Selmer groups associated to four dimensional Galois representations coming from (i) the tensor product of two cuspidal Hida families

F

and

G

, (ii) its cyclotomic deformation, (iii) the tensor product of a cusp form

f

and the Hida family

G

, where

f

is a classical specialization of

F

with weight

k g e q 2

. We prove control theorems to relate (a) the Selmer group associated to the tensor product of Hida families

F

and

G

to the Selmer group associated to its cyclotomic deformation and (b) the Selmer group associated to the tensor product of

f

and

G

to the Selmer group associated to the tensor product of

F

and

G

. On the analytic side of the main conjectures, Hida has constructed one variable, two variable and three variable Rankin-Selberg

p

-adic

L

-functions. Our specialization results enable us to verify that Hida's results relating (a) the two variable

p

-adic

L

-function to the three variable

p

-adic

L

-function and (b) the one variable

p

-adic

L

-function to the two variable

p

-adic

L

-function and our control theorems for Selmer groups are completely consistent with the main conjectures.

Review text

Let \(F\) and \(G\) be two ordinary cuspidal Hida families, \(f\) a cuspidal \(p\)-stabilized eigenform obtained from \(F\) by specializing at some ideal of weight \(k\) and \(\mathbb{Q}_\infty/\mathbb{Q}\) the cyclotomic \(\mathbb{Z}_p\)-extension of \(\mathbb{Q}\) with Galois group \(\Gamma\). Let \(\Sigma\) be a finite set of primes including \(\infty\), \(p\), all primes dividing the levels of \(F\) and \(G\) and another finite prime \(\ell\neq p\): denote by \(G_\Sigma\) the Galois group of the maximal extension \(\mathbb{Q}_\Sigma/\mathbb{Q}\) unramified outside \(\Sigma\). Via the action on \(G_\Sigma\) of certain rank 2 modules \(L_F\) and \(L_G\) (defined over rings \(R_F\) and \(R_G\) associated to \(F\) and \(G\) respectively), \textit{H. Hida} [Invent. Math. 85, 545--613 (1986; Zbl 0612.10021)] defined \(2\)-dimensional Galois representations \(\rho_F\) and \(\rho_G\). Tensoring with \(R_{F,G}:=R_F\widehat{\otimes}R_G\) (completed tensor product) one obtains \(4\)-dimensional representations associated to the rank 4 modules: \begin{itemize} \item \(\Hom_{R_{F,G}}(L_F\otimes_{R_F} R_{F,G},L_G\otimes_{R_G} R_{F,G})\) \item\(\Hom_{R_{F,G}}(L_F\otimes_{R_F} R_{F,G},L_G\otimes_{R_G} R_{F,G})\otimes_{R_{F,G}}R_{F,G}\Gamma(\kappa^{-1})\) (cyclotomic deformation of the previous one, with \(\kappa\) the cyclotomic character) \item \(\Hom_{R_{f,G}}(L_F\otimes_{R_F} R_{f,G},L_G\otimes_{R_G} R_{F,G})\) (specialization at \(f\)). \end{itemize} For these modules \textit{H. Hida} constructed, respectively, a 2, 3 and 1-variable \(p\)-adic \(L\)-function \(\theta_i\) [Elementary theory of \(L\)-functions and Eisenstein series. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1993; Zbl 0942.11024)], where \(i=2,3,1\) denotes the number of variables, and provided interpolation properties and specialization formulas between them. In particular, one has relations between \(\pi^3_2(\theta_3)\) and \(\theta_2\) (where \(\pi^3_2(\Gamma)=1\)) and between \(\pi^2_1(\theta_2)\) and \(\theta_1\). On the algebraic side one can define Selmer groups associated with the representations above: there are Main Conjectures relating the divisors of the \(\theta_i\) with the divisors of the Pontrjagin duals of the Selmer groups \(\operatorname{Sel}_i\) (plus some explicit correction terms in the appropriate rings \(R_{F,G}\), \(R_{F,G}\Gamma\) and \(R_{f,G}\)). The paper under review proves ``control theorems for the Selmer groups, providing relations between \(\operatorname{Div}(\operatorname{Sel}_3^\vee\otimes_{R_{F,G}\Gamma} R_{F,G})\) and \(\operatorname{Div}(\operatorname{Sel}_2^\vee)\) over \(R_{F,G}\) and between \(\operatorname{Div}(\operatorname{Sel}_2^\vee\otimes_{R_{F,G}} R_{f,G})\) and \(\operatorname{Div}(\operatorname{Sel}_1^\vee)\) over \(R_{f,G}\) (where \(^\vee\) denotes the Pontrjagin dual). The author shows that such relations are compatible with the various Main Conjectures and can be therefore interpreted as specialization formulas between Selmer groups analogous to the specialization formulas between the \(p\)-adic \(L\)-functions \(\theta_i\). The proofs (under some additional hypotheses, most notably the fact that all duals of Selmer groups are assumed to be torsion modules) rely heavily on previous work of the same author, see [Int. Math. Res. Not. 2018, No. 24, 7483--7554 (2018; Zbl 1459.11213)], and on cohomological computations which lead to a more precise description of the structure of Selmer groups. In particular, looking at localizations at height 2 primes to control pseudo-null submodules, the author verifies that the maps defining the Selmer groups are surjective and that \(\operatorname{Sel}_3^\vee\) and \(\operatorname{Sel}_2^\vee\) have no nontrivial pseudo-null submodules. Both results are crucial to obtain a ``closed formula for the divisors of the dual of Selmer groups involved in the control theorems.

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