How to check universality of quantum gates?

Abstract: We provide two simple universality criteria. Our first criterion states that

m a t h c a l S s u b s e t G_{d} := U (d)

is universal if and only if

m a t h c a l S

forms a

d e l t a

-approximate

t (d)

-design, where

t (2) = 6

and

t (d) = 4

for

d g e q 3

. Our second universality criterion says that

m a t h c a l S s u b s e t G_{d}

is universal if and only if the centralizer of

is equal to the centralizer of

, where

t (2) = 3

, and

t (d) = 2

for

d g e q 3

. The equality of the centralizers can be verified by comparing their dimensions.

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