Isochronicity via normal form
Topological structure of integral curves, singular points, limit cycles of ordinary differential equations (34C05) Transformation and reduction of ordinary differential equations and systems, normal forms (34C20) Dynamics induced by flows and semiflows (37C10) Periodic orbits of vector fields and flows (37C27) Normal forms for dynamical systems (37G05)
This paper presents the so-called isochronicity problem: determine the conditions under which a critical point of a smooth planar differential equation with pure imaginary eigenvalues is of center type and has all its closed orbits with the same period. In the first part of the paper, the authors develop a procedure to arrive to the usual normal form by giving the normalizing change of variables as the time 1 flow of another planar vector field. This normal form allows one to compute conditions for the isochronicity. The second part is devoted to prove the following criteria: Consider a planar real system \((x',y')=(X(x,y)),\) where \(X\) is smooth and \( X(x,y)=(-y+O(2), x+O(2)),\) then: (i) The origin is an isochronous center if and only if there exists another smooth planar vector field \(U(x,y),\) which vanishes at (0,0), has linear part \((x,y)\) and satisfies \([X,U]=0,\) where \([ , ]\) denotes the Lie bracket. (ii) The origin of \(X\) is a center if and only if there exist a real-valued smooth function \(\mu(x,y)\) and another vector field \(U\) satisfying the same properties that in (i) but \([X,U]=\mu X.\) The first result has also been proved by Mazzi and Sabatini. Finally, the above results are applied to study the isochronous centers in two families of planar vector fields: a subfamily of the so-called rigid systems, which are the systems that written in polar coordinates satisfy \(\theta'\equiv 1,\) and the Liénard systems \(x'=-y-f(x),\) \(y'=x+g(x)\), where \(f\) and \(g\) are smooth and satisfy \(f(0)=f'(0)=g(0)=g'(0)=0.\) In particular the following family of Liénard isochronous centers is known: \(f(x)\) is an even function and \(g(x)=x^{-3}\left(\int_0^x f(t)dt-xf(x)\right)^2.\) The authors conjecture that the above family is the only one with \(f\) and \(g\) polynomial. Their conjecture is proved in some particular cases. There is one figure missing in the paper that has appeared as Erratum in Qual. Theory Dyn. Syst. 2, 205 (2001).
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- Hypernormal forms for equilibria of vector fields. Codimension one linear degeneracies
- On period functions of Liénard systems
- On the classification of Liénard systems with amplitude-independent periods
- regularity properties of the period function near a center of a planar vector field
- Isochronicity conditions for a center and a focus in polar coordinates
- Characterizing isochronous points and computing isochronous sections
- Like-linearizations of vector fields
- On period functions of Liénard systems
- Isochronicity and commutation of polynomial vector fields
- On the period function of \(x^{\prime\prime}+f(x)x^{\prime2}+g(x)=0\)
- Area-preserving normalizations for centers of planar Hamiltonian systems
- On one conjecture in the theory of isochronous Liénard systems
- Perturbed normalizers and Melnikov functions
- Centers with degenerate infinity and their commutators.
- Computing center conditions for vector fields with constant angular speed
- A characterization of isochronous centres in terms of symmetries.
- On the classification of Liénard systems with amplitude-independent periods
- First derivative of the period function with applications
- Existence of an inverse integrating factor, center problem and integrability of a class of nilpotent systems
- Criticality via first order development of the period constants
- Generalized symmetry of the Liénard system
- New lower bounds of the number of critical periods in reversible centers
- Simultaneous bifurcation of limit cycles and critical periods
- Rational Liénard systems with a center and an isochronous center
- From isochronous potentials to isochronous systems
- Centers and isochronous centers of Liénard systems
- Strong isochronicity of the Liénard system
- Linearization of analytic isochronous centers from a given commutator
- Linearizability and integrability of vector fields via commutation
- Positive solution of one conjecture in the theory of polynomial isochronous centers of Liénard systems
- A class of new solvable nonlinear isochronous systems and their classical dynamics
- Analytic obstructions to isochronicity in codimension 1
- About Chouikha's isochronicity criterion
- Isochronicity of analytic systems via Urabe's criterion
- regularity properties of the period function near a center of a planar vector field
- Minimum number of ideal generators for a linear center perturbed by homogeneous polynomials
- Isochronicity and normal forms of polynomial systems of ODEs
- The period functions' higher order derivatives
- Isochronous families of limit cycles
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- Linearizations, normalizations and isochrones of planar differential systems
- On the non-existence of isochronous tangential centers in Filippov vector fields
- From an iteration formula to Poincaré’s Isochronous Center Theorem for holomorphic vector fields
- Isochronous centres and foci via commutators and normal forms
- ISOCHRONOUS SECTIONS VIA NORMALIZERS
- Isochronous properties in fractal analysis of some planar vector fields
- Convergence of normalizations for partially integrable differential systems
- Isochronous centers and foci of two-dimensional holomorphic differential systems
- Periodic solutions of second-order differential equations with two-dimensional Lie point symmetry algebra
- Equivalence between time consistency and nested formula
- Isochronicity for a class of reversible systems
- The center problem. A view from the normal form theory
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