Lefschetz properties of Gorenstein graded algebras associated to the Apéry set of a numerical semigroup (Q1741625)

Let $S$ be a numerical semigroup, that is, a submonoid of $\mathbb{N}$, the set of nonnegative integers, with finite complement in $\mathbb{N}$. Let $K$ be a field of characteristic zero, and let $R=K[S]=\bigoplus_{s\in S} K t^s$ be the semigroup ring associated to $S$ (the set of polynomials in $t$ with coefficients in $K$ and exponents in $S$). Let $m$ be the multiplicity of $S$, that is, the least positive integer in $S$. The Apéry set of $S$ (with respect to $m$) is defined as $\operatorname{Ap}(S)=\{ s\in S : s-m\not\in S\}$; this set has exactly $m$ elements. If we consider the quotient $\overline{R}=R/t^mR$, then this ring is spanned as a $K$-vector space by the classes of the elements $t^s$ with $s\in \operatorname{Ap}(S)$. Every numerical semigroup $S$ has a unique minimal generating system, say $\{g_1,\ldots,g_n\}$. So every element $s\in S$ admits an expression of the form $s=\sum_{i=1}^n \lambda_i g_i$, with $\lambda_i\in \mathbb{N}$ for all $i$. The $n$-uple $\lambda=(\lambda_1,\ldots,\lambda_n)$ is said to be a representation (or factorization) of $s$ with length $\sum_{i=1}^n \lambda_i$. The order of $s$, $\operatorname{ord}(s)$, is then defined as the maximal length of the representations of $s$. Let $\overline{m}$ be the homogeneous maximal ideal of $\overline{R}$. The associated graded algebra of the Apéry set of $S$ is $A=\operatorname{gr}_{\overline{m}}(\overline{R})=\bigoplus_{i\in\mathbb{N}} \overline{m}^i/\overline{m}^{i+1}$. Then $A=\bigoplus_{i=0}^D A_i$, with $D=\operatorname{ord}(\max(\operatorname{Ap}(S)))$, and $A_i$ is spanned as a $K$-vector space by the classes of the elements of the form $t^s$ with $s\in \operatorname{Ap}(S)$ and $\operatorname{ord}(s)=i$. Let $K[x_1,\ldots,x_n]$ be the ring of polynomials with coefficients in $K$ over the variables $x_1,\ldots,x_n$. There is a natural epimorphism $\phi$ from $K[x_1,\ldots,x_n]$, induced by $x_i\mapsto t^{g_i}$. For every representation $\lambda$ of $s\in S$, the monomial $x^\lambda=x_1^{\lambda_1}\cdots x_n^{\lambda_n}$ maps to $t^s$ via $\phi$. Write $\operatorname{Ap}(S)=\{0=w_1<w_2<\dots <w_m\}$. The semigroup $S$ is $M$-pure symmetric if of every $i$, $w_i+w_{m-i}=w_m$ and $\operatorname{ord}(w_i)+\operatorname{ord}(w_{m-i})=\operatorname{ord}(\max(\operatorname{Ap}(S)))$. \textit{L. Bryant} in [Commun. Algebra 38, No. 6, 2092--2128 (2010; Zbl 1203.13004)] proved that $A$ is Gorenstein if and only if $S$ is $M$-pure symmetric. For the characterization of the complete intersection property of $A$, the author relies on the concepts (and results) of $\beta$ and $\gamma$ rectangular numerical semigroups introduced in [\textit{M. D'Anna} et al., J. Pure Appl. Algebra 217, No. 6, 1007--1017 (2013; Zbl 1266.13002)], showing that $A$ is a complete intersection if and only if $\operatorname{Ap}(S)$ is $\gamma$-rectangular, and, in addition its defined ideal is generated by monomials if and only if $\operatorname{Ap}(S)$ is $\beta$-rectangular. A standard graded Artinian $K$-algebra $A=\bigoplus_{i=0}^D A_i$ has the weak Lefschetz property if there exists an element $L\in A_1$ such that the multiplication map by $L$ from $A_i$ to $A_{i+1}$ has maximal rank for all $i\in \{0,\ldots, D-1\}$. Let $X_i=\frac{\partial}{\partial x_i}$, and $Q=K[X_1,\ldots,X_n]$. Set $\Lambda$ to be set of all the expressions of $\max({\operatorname{Ap}(S)})$ with maximal length. The author proves that $A$, the graded ring associated to $\operatorname{Ap}(S)$, is isomorphic to $Q/\operatorname{Ann}_Q(F)$, with $F=\sum_{\lambda \in \Lambda} x^\lambda$. This is important because the study of the Hessian of $F$ allows to decide if $A$ fulfills the weak Lefschetz property. A stardard graded Gorenstein Artinian $K$-algebra $A$ is said to satisfy the Quotient Condition if there exists a standard graded Gorenstein Artininan $K$-algebra $G$ an a linear monomial $x_l$ having the weak Lefschetz property such that $A=G/(0:_G x_l^C)$ for some nonnegative integer $C$. The author proves that the graded algebra associated to the Apéry set of a complete intersection numerical semigroup has the Quotient Condition. For Gorenstein algebras associated to the Apéry set of a numerical semigroup with four minimal generators (and thus codimension three), the author studies when the weak Lefschetz property holds. In this setting, for complete intersections, the weak Lefschetz property is known to be true, so the study focuses on $M$-pure semigroups whit Apéry sets not $\gamma$-rectangular. The author shows that under these conditions, $A$ satisfies the Quotient Condition.