Smooth rational surfaces violating Kawamata-Viehweg vanishing (Q1746625)

This paper exhibit examples of smooth rational surfaces in positive characteristics that violates Kawamata-Viehweg vanishing. It is shown that over any field \(k\) of positive characteristic, there exists a smooth projective rational surface \(X\), a Cartier divisor \(D\), and an effecitve \(\mathbb{Q}\)-divisor \(\Delta\) such that \((X, \Delta)\) is klt, \(D-K_X-\Delta\) is nef and big, and \(H^1(D)\neq 0\). The construction of this surface is due to \textit{A. Langer} [Duke Math. J. 165, No. 14, 2737--2769 (2016; Zbl 1386.14160)]: blowing up all rational points on the rational surface over a finite field, and taking a base change to \(k\), we get the surface \(X\); and if furthermore blowing down the strict transform of all rational lines and taking a base change to \(k\), we get a birational contraction \(X\to Y\) for a klt surface \(Y\). After showing that this \(X\) voolates Kawamata-Viehweg vanishing, this paper investigates geometric properties of \(X\) and \(Y\). It is shown that 1) \(Y\) is obtained by a purely inseparable cover of \(\mathbb{P}^2\); 2) if \(p=2\), then \(\mathrm{NE}(X)\) is generated by exactly 14 curves, and \(X\) is isomorphic to a surface constructed by \textit{S. Keel} and \textit{J. McKernan} [Mem. Am. Math. Soc. 669, 153 p. (1999; Zbl 0955.14031)].