A simplified Fornberg-like method for the conformal mapping of multiply connected regions-comparisons and crowding (Q2475122)

The problem considered in the article is to seek a conformal map \(f\) from the complement \(D\) of \(n\) closed nonintersecting disks \(D_k\) onto a region \(\Omega\) which is exterior to \(n\) nonintersecting smooth Jordan curves \(\Gamma_k\), \(1\leq k\leq n\). The boundaries of \(D_k\) are the circles \(C_k\) with centers \(z_k\) and radii \(\rho_k\). The boundaries \(\Gamma_k\) are parameterized by the arclength \(s\), \(\Gamma_k: \gamma_k=\gamma_k(s)\). The circle map problem is to find the boundary correspondence \(s=s_k(\theta)\) such that \(f(z_k+\rho_ke^{i\theta})=\gamma_k(s_k(\theta))\), \(1\leq k\leq n\), where \(f\) is analytic and \(f(z)=z+O(1/z)\), \(z\to\infty\). The map \(f\) has the form \[ f(z)=z+\sum_{k=1}^n\sum_{j=1}^{\infty}a_{k,-j}\left(\frac{\rho_k}{z-z_k}\right)^j, \] where \(a_{k,-j}\) are the Fourier coefficients of the restriction \(f\) to \(C_k\). Introduce the binomial series \[ \frac{1}{(1-\Delta)^k}=\sum_{j=0}^{\infty}B_{k,j}\Delta^j,\quad | \Delta| <1, \] where \(B_{k,j}\) are the binomial coefficients. The main theorem of the article is Theorem 3.2: Let \(D\) be the region exterior to the circles \(C_k: z_k+\rho_ke^{i\theta}\), \(1\leq k\leq n\). Suppose \(f\in\text{Lip}(C)\), \(C=\cup_{k=1}^n C_k\), has the Fourier series representation \[ f(z_k+\rho_ke^{i\theta})=\sum_{j=-\infty}^{\infty}a_{k,j}e^{ij\theta},\quad 1\leq k\leq n. \] Then \(f\) extends analytically into \(D\) with \(f(z)=z+O(1/z)\), \(z\to\infty\), if and only if (i) for all centers \(z_k\), \[ \frac{1}{2\pi i}\int_C\frac{f(\zeta)-\zeta}{(\zeta-z_k)^j}d\zeta=0,\quad j\geq1; \] (ii) or equivalently, \[ a_{k,j}-\left(\frac{\rho_k}{z_l-z_k}\right)^j\sum_{l\neq k}\sum_{\nu=0}^{\infty}B_{j+1,\nu}\left(\frac{\rho_l}{z_k-z_l}\right)^{\nu+1} a_{l,-\nu-1}=r_{k,j},\quad j\geq0, \] where \(r_{k,0}=z_k\), \(r_{k,1}=\rho_k\), and \(r_{k,j}=0\) for \(j\geq2\). The authors formulate the discrete problem as a linear system and provide an analysis of the inner linear system, showing that it is the discretization of a second kind operator. They outline Wegmann's method for the circle map and give some numerical examples.