Langlands duality for representations of quantum groups

DOI10.1007/S00208-010-0541-3MaRDI QIDQ623329zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors David Hernandez, Edward Frenkel

Publication date 14 February 2011

Published in Mathematische Annalen (Search for Journal in Brave)

Copyright license Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/0809.4453

zbMATH Keywords

crystal basis Langlands dual quantum groups

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Representations of Lie algebras and Lie superalgebras, algebraic theory (weights) (17B10) Quantum groups (quantized enveloping algebras) and related deformations (17B37) Quantum groups and related algebraic methods applied to problems in quantum theory (81R50)

Abstract: We establish a correspondence (or duality) between the characters and the crystal bases of finite-dimensional representations of quantum groups associated to Langlands dual semi-simple Lie algebras. This duality may also be stated purely in terms of semi-simple Lie algebras. To explain this duality, we introduce an "interpolating quantum group" depending on two parameters which interpolates between a quantum group and its Langlands dual. We construct examples of its representations, depending on two parameters, which interpolate between representations of two Langlands dual quantum groups.

Review text

Let \( \mathfrak{g} \) be a simple Lie algebra. Its Langlands dual Lie algebra \( ^{L}\mathfrak{g} \) is the simple Lie algebra whose Cartan matrix is the transpose of the Cartan matrix of \( \mathfrak{g} \). In this paper the authors establish a correspondence between the characters and crystal basis of finite-dimensional representations of quantum groups associated to Langlands dual semisimple Lie algebras. Denote by \( P \) and \( ^{L}P \) the weight lattices of \( \mathfrak{g} \) and \( ^{L}\mathfrak{g} \). Then there exists a surjective map \( \Pi:P \to \;^{L}P \) which is defined on a certain sublattice \( P' \) of \( P \) and zero otherwise. These notes begin by showing that the multiplicities of weights in \( \chi^{L}(\Pi(\lambda)) \) are less than or equal to those in \( \Pi(\chi(\lambda)) \), where \(\chi, \chi^{L}\) are the character homomorphisms from the Grothendieck groups Rep \(\mathfrak{g}\) and Rep \( ^{L}\mathfrak{g} \) to \(\mathbb{Z}[P]\) and \( \mathbb{Z}[^{L}P] \), respectively; {i.\ e.} \( \chi^{L}(\Pi(\lambda)) \) can be seen as a sub-character of \(\chi(\Pi(\lambda))\). Besides its proof, examples over \( \mathfrak{g} \) of type \( B_{2} \) and \( G_{2} \) are added. This first main result is obtained by proving a stronger result on crystals of \( \mathfrak{g} \) and \( ^{L}\mathfrak{g} \). Once again, the proof is illustrated by examples with \( \mathfrak{g} \) of type \( B_{2} \) and \( G_{2} \). The paper then proceeds with the introduction of interpolating quantum groups with the aim to explain this duality. Denote by \( U_{q}(\mathfrak{g}) \) the quantum group corresponding to \( \mathfrak{g} \) and consider the algebra \( \mathcal{U}_{q}(\mathfrak{g}) \) which is generated by the same elements and relations of \(U_{q}(\mathfrak{g})\) except the quantum Serre relations. The interpolating quantum groups \( \mathcal{U}_{q,t}(\mathfrak{g})\) are two-parameter deformations of such algebras such that the specialization with respect to \(t=1\) gives the quantum group \( \mathcal{U}_{q}(\mathfrak{g}) \) as a subquotient, and with respect to \( q\) at a certain root of unity gives the Langlands dual \( \mathcal{U}_{-t}(^{L}\mathfrak{g}) \). After defining case by case the interpolating quantum groups, some weight interpolating representations are studied, that is, representations of \( \mathcal{U}_{q,t}(\mathfrak{g})\) that after specialization give representations of the Langlands duals quantum groups. It turns out that these could not be defined over an interpolating quantum group \({U}_{q,t}(\mathfrak{g}) \), since the possible deformations of the quantum Serre relations cannot be fulfilled. The paper ends with a section devoted to open problems and conjectures which are supported by several examples and proofs in particular cases. The clarity and depth of the exposition, together with all the examples provided by the authors make this work quite interesting and invite the reader for future research on Langlands duality on quantum groups.

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