Learned infinite elements

DOI10.1137/20M1381757MaRDI QIDQ5161773zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Thorsten Hohage, Christoph Lehrenfeld, Janosch Preuß

Publication date 1 November 2021

Published in SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.15479

Dirichlet-to-Neumann map helioseismology Helmholtz equation infinite elements learning rational approximation transparent boundary conditions

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Bessel and Airy functions, cylinder functions, ({}_0F_1) (33C10) Laplace operator, Helmholtz equation (reduced wave equation), Poisson equation (35J05) Wave equation (35L05) Numerical optimization and variational techniques (65K10) Finite element, Rayleigh-Ritz and Galerkin methods for boundary value problems involving PDEs (65N30) Learning and adaptive systems in artificial intelligence (68T05) Computational methods for problems pertaining to astronomy and astrophysics (85-08) Planetary atmospheres (85A20)

Abstract: We study the numerical solution of scalar time-harmonic wave equations on unbounded domains which can be split into a bounded interior domain of primary interest and an exterior domain with separable geometry. To compute the solution in the interior domain, approximations to the Dirichlet-to-Neumann (DtN) map of the exterior domain have to be imposed as transparent boundary conditions on the artificial coupling boundary. Although the DtN map can be computed by separation of variables, it is a nonlocal operator with dense matrix representations, and hence computationally inefficient. Therefore, approximations of DtN maps by sparse matrices, usually involving additional degrees of freedom, have been studied intensively in the literature using a variety of approaches including different types of infinite elements, local non-reflecting boundary conditions, and perfectly matched layers. The entries of these sparse matrices are derived analytically, e.g. from transformations or asymptotic expansions of solutions to the differential equation in the exterior domain. In contrast, in this paper we propose to `learn' the matrix entries from the DtN map in its separated form by solving an optimization problem as a preprocessing step. Theoretical considerations suggest that the approximation quality of learned infinite elements improves exponentially with increasing number of infinite element degrees of freedom, which is confirmed in numerical experiments. These numerical studies also show that learned infinite elements outperform state-of-the-art methods for the Helmholtz equation. At the same time, learned infinite elements are much more flexible than traditional methods as they, e.g., work similarly well for exterior domains involving strong reflections, for example, for the atmosphere of the Sun, which is strongly inhomogeneous and exhibits reflections at the corona.

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