Linear systems on a special rational surface

Hilbert-Samuel and Hilbert-Kunz functions; Poincaré series (13D40) Divisors, linear systems, invertible sheaves (14C20) Rational and ruled surfaces (14J26)

Abstract: We study the Hilbert series of a family of ideals J_phi generated by powers of linear forms in k[x_1,...,x_n]. Using the results of Emsalem-Iarrobino, we formulate this as a question about fatpoints in P^{n-1}. In the three variable case this is equivalent to studying the dimension of a linear system on a blow up of P^2. The ideals that arise have the points in very special position, but because there are only seven points, we can apply results of Harbourne to obtain the classes of the negative curves. Reducing to an effective, nef divisor and using Riemann-Roch yields a formula for the Hilbert series. This proves the n=3 case of a conjecture of Postnikov and Shapiro, which they later showed true for all n. Postnikov and Shapiro observe that for a family of ideals closely related to J_phi a similar result often seems to hold, although counterexamples exist for n=4 and n=5. Our methods allow us to prove that for n=3 an analogous formula is indeed true. We close with a counterexample to a conjecture Postnikov and Shapiro make about the minimal free resolution of these ideals.

Review text

Given a field \(K\), two families of ideals in \(R=K[x_1,\dots ,x_n]\) are studied in the paper, namely ideals \[ I_\phi = <x_1^{\phi(1)},\dots,x_n^{\phi(1)},(x_1x_2)^{\phi(2)},\dots ,(x_{i_1}\dots x_{i_r})^{\phi(r)},\dots > \] and \[ J_\phi = <x_1^{\phi(1)},\dots ,x_n^{\phi(1)},(x_1+x_2)^{2\phi(2)},\dots ,(x_{i_1}+\dots +x_{i_r})^{r\phi(r)},\dots >, \] both \(2^n-1\) generated, where \(\phi :{\mathbb N}\rightarrow {\mathbb N}\) is either a linear degree function (i.e. \(\phi (r) = l + k(n-r)\), \(k,l > 0\)) or an almost linear degree function (i.e. \(\exists k \in {\mathbb N}\), s.t. \(\phi (r) - \phi (r+1)= k\) or \(k+1\), \(\forall r \in \{1,..,n-1\}\)). Such ideals where studied by \textit{A. Postnikov} and \textit{M. Shapiro} [in: Differential topology, infinite-dimensional Lie algebras and applications, Transl. Ser. 2, Am. Math. Soc. 194, 227--235 (1999; Zbl 0971.53094)] (in order to study the algebra generated by curvature forms on the generalized flag manifold) who conjectured that \(I_\phi\) and \(J_\phi\) have the same Hilbert series when \(\phi\) is a linear degree function, while in the almost linear case they observed that often the same happens, but there are counterexamples. While their work is of combinatorial nature, in this paper, with algebraic geometry means, it is proved that the two Hilbert series are the same in both cases (\(\phi\) linear or almost linear) when \(n=3\) and char\(K\) is either 0 or bigger than \(\sum ^3_{i=1}\phi(i) -2\). Since \(I_\phi\) is a monomial ideal, it is possible to compute a (maybe non minimal) resolution of its, and from it to get its Hilbert series. In order to compute the Hilbert series for \(J_\phi\), the author uses Macaulay's inverse systems approach (classically known as apolarity): the dimension of \(({R\over J_{\phi}})_j\) is equal to the dimension of \(F_j\), where \(F\) is the ideal of a fat point scheme \(Z \subset {\mathbb P}^2\), \(Z=a_1P_1+\dots +a_7P_7\), where \(P_1,P_2,P_3\) are the coordinate points and \(P_4=(1:1:0), P_5=(1:0:1), P_6=(0:1:1), P_7=(1:1:1)\) for opportune values of the \(a_i\)'s. The study of linear systems on the rational surface obtained by blowing up the points allows the author to determine the value of \(\dim F_j\) (which is not the same as if the points were generic) and also to give a geometric description of the deviation of \(\dim F_j\) from the dimension of an ideal generated by generic forms. Moreover, an example is given of an almost linear degree function \(\phi\) for which the Hilbert series of \(I_\phi\) and \(J_\phi\) are the same, but their Betti numbers are not equal.

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