Mass concentration in rescaled first order integral functionals

Spaces of measures, convergence of measures (28A33) Sobolev spaces and other spaces of ``smooth functions, embedding theorems, trace theorems (46E35) Existence theories for free problems in two or more independent variables (49J10) Methods involving semicontinuity and convergence; relaxation (49J45) Variational problems in a geometric measure-theoretic setting (49Q20) Optimal transportation (49Q22) Multiphase and multicomponent flows (76T99)

Abstract: We consider first order local minimization problems of the form

m i n i n t_{m a t h b b R^{N}} f (u, a b l a u)

under a mass constraint

i n t_{m a t h b b R^{N}} u = m i n m a t h b b R

. We prove that the minimal energy function

H (m)

is always concave on

(- i n f t y, 0)

and

(0, + i n f t y)

, and that relevant rescalings of the energy, depending on a small parameter

v a r e p s i l o n

,

G a m m a

-converge in the weak topology of measures towards the

H

-mass, defined for atomic measures

s u m_{i} m_{i} d e l t a_{x_{i}}

as

s u m_{i} H (m_{i})

. We also consider space dependent Lagrangians

f (x, u, a b l a u)

, which cover the case of space dependent

H

-masses

s u m_{i} H (x_{i}, m_{i})

, and also the case of a family of Lagrangians

(f_{v} a r e p s i l o n)_{v} a r e p s i l o n

converging as

v a r e p s i l o n o 0

. The

G a m m a

-convergence result holds under mild assumptions on

f

, and covers several situations including homogeneous (H)-masses in any dimension

N g e q 2

for exponents above a critical threshold, and all concave

H

-masses in dimension

N = 1

. Our result yields in particular the concentration of Cahn-Hilliard fluids into droplets, and is related to the approximation of branched transport by elliptic energies.

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