Matrices with orthogonal groups admitting only determinant one
Determinants, permanents, traces, other special matrix functions (15A15) Canonical forms, reductions, classification (15A21) Matrix pencils (15A22) Matrix equations and identities (15A24) Algebraic systems of matrices (15A30) Linear algebraic groups over the reals, the complexes, the quaternions (20G20)
Let \(\mathbb{F}\) denote either the real or complex field and \(M_{n} (\mathbb{F})\) be the algebra of all \(n\times n\) matrices over \(\mathbb{F}\). For each \(K\in M_{n}(\mathbb{F})\) the set of all invertible \(A\in M_{n}(\mathbb{F)}\) such that \(A^{\top}KA=K\) is called the \(K\)-orthogonal group. The authors are interested in characterizing the class \(\Xi_{n}\) of matrices \(K\) for which the \(K\)-orthogonal group consists of matrices of determinant \(1\); classically, it is known that all skew-symmetric matrices lie in \(\Xi_{n}\). In general, define \(K_{s}:=\frac{1}{2}(K+K^{\top})\) and \(K_{w}:=\frac{1}{2}(K-K^{\top})\). The main theorem shows that the following are equivalent: \(K\in\Xi_{n}\); the matrix pencil \(K_{w}-\lambda K_{s}\) is regular and its Weierstrass (or Kronecker) canonical form has no Jordan block of odd dimension associated with the eigenvalue \(0\); there exists \(\lambda _{0}\in\mathbb{F}\) such that \(K_{w}-\lambda_{0}K_{s}\) is invertible, and for each such \(\lambda_{0}\) the matrix \((K_{w}-\lambda_{0}K_{s})^{-1}K_{w}\) has no Jordan block of odd dimension associated with the eigenvalue \(0\). Two alternative characterizations are given as corollaries: (1) \(K\in\Xi_{n}\) if and only if \(K\) is not congruent to a block diagonal matrix with a block of odd dimension; and (2) if \(K\) is nonsingular, then \(K\in\Xi_{n}\) if and only if \(K^{-1}K_{w}\) has no Jordan block of odd dimension associated with the eigenvalue \(0\).
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