Nonautonomous saddle-node bifurcations: random and deterministic forcing

Bifurcation theory for ordinary differential equations (34C23) Bifurcation of solutions to ordinary differential equations involving randomness (34F10) Dynamical systems involving maps of the interval (37E05) Bifurcation theory for random and stochastic dynamical systems (37H20)

Abstract: We study the effect of external forcing on the saddle-node bifurcation pattern of interval maps. By replacing fixed points of unperturbed maps by invariant graphs, we obtain direct analogues to the classical result both for random forcing by measure-preserving dynamical systems and for deterministic forcing by homeomorphisms of compact metric spaces. Additional assumptions like ergodicity or minimality of the forcing process then yield further information about the dynamics. The main difference to the unforced situation is that at the critical bifurcation parameter, two alternatives exist. In addition to the possibility of a unique neutral invariant graph, corresponding to a neutral fixed point, a pair of so-called pinched invariant graphs may occur. In quasiperiodically forced systems, these are often referred to as 'strange non-chaotic attractors'. The results on deterministic forcing can be considered as an extension of the work of Novo, Nunez, Obaya and Sanz on nonautonomous convex scalar differential equations. As a by-product, we also give a generalisation of a result by Sturman and Stark on the structure of minimal sets in forced systems.

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This interesting paper studies the influence of (deterministic and random) external forcing on a saddle-node bifurcation pattern for interval maps. The maps under consideration are given in skew product form NEWLINE\[NEWLINE f:\Theta\times X\to\Theta\times X,\quad (\theta,x)\mapsto(\omega(\theta),f_\theta(x)), NEWLINE\]NEWLINE where the base space \(\Theta\) is either a topological space (deterministic forcing) or a measure space (random forcing), while \(X\) (mostly) denotes a compact interval \([a,b]\). The fixed points as bifurcating objects in the unperturbed case are replaced by invariant graphs, namely measurable functions \(\phi:\Theta\to[a,b]\) satisfying \(f_\theta(\phi(\theta))=\phi(\omega(\theta))\) for almost all \(\theta\in\Theta\). On this basis, direct analogs to the classical autonomous result are obtained: Provided the fiber maps \(f_\theta\) are monotone and convex, there exists a critical parameter value distinguishing two invariant graphs from the situation of no such graph. At the critical parameter itself, two alternatives exist: In addition to the existence of a unique invariant graph, there might exist a pair of so-called pinched invariant graphs. In the quasi-periodic case they are often called ``strange non-chaotic attractors.NEWLINENEWLINEThe proof relies on a result due to \textit{G.\ Keller} [Fundam. Math.\ 151, No.~2, 139--148 (1996; Zbl 0899.58033)]. Moreover, the authors extend contributions by \textit{R.\ Sturman} and \textit{J.\ Stark} [Nonlinearity 13, No.~1, 113--143 (2000; Zbl 1005.37016)] on the structure of invariant sets, as well as \textit{C.~Núñez} and \textit{R.~Obaya} [Discrete Contin.\ Dyn.\ Syst., Ser.\ B 9, No.~ 3--4, 701--730 (2008; Zbl 1151.37021)].NEWLINENEWLINEFinally, extensions to continuous time systems and various illustrative examples are given.

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