Numerical solution of optimal design problems for binary gratings
binary gratingsboundary integral representationsconvergencediffractionfinite element methodHelmholtz equationminimization algorithmsnonlocal boundary conditionsnumerical examplesoptimal design problemsperiodic structuresstrongly elliptic variational formulationstransmission problems
Laplace operator, Helmholtz equation (reduced wave equation), Poisson equation (35J05) PDEs in connection with optics and electromagnetic theory (35Q60) Variational inequalities (49J40) Newton-type methods (49M15) Numerical optimization and variational techniques (65K10) Boundary element methods for boundary value problems involving PDEs (65N38) Diffraction, scattering (78A45)
Developments in the application of mathematical and computational techniques to the problem of designing binary gratings on top of a multilayer stack in such a way that the propagating modes have a specified intensity or phase pattern for a chosen range of wavelengths of incidence angles are described. The diffraction problems are transformed to strongly elliptic variational formulations of quasi-periodic transmission problems for the Helmholtz equation in a bounded domain coupled with boundary integral representations in the exterior. Analytic formulae for the gradients of cost functionals with respect to the parameters of the grating profile and the thickness of the layers, so that the optimal design problems can be solved by minimization algorithms based on gradient descent are obtained. For the computation of diffraction efficiencies and gradients the variational problems are solved by using a generalized finite element method with minimal pollution. Some numerical examples are provided to demonstrated the convergence properties for evaluating diffraction efficiencies and gradients. The method is applied to optimal design problems for polarization gratings and beam splitters.
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