On fractional GJMS operators

Maximum principles in context of PDEs (35B50) Fractional partial differential equations (35R11) Global geometric and topological methods (à la Gromov); differential geometric analysis on metric spaces (53C23) Elliptic equations on manifolds, general theory (58J05)

Abstract: We describe a new interpretation of the fractional GJMS operators as generalized Dirichlet-to-Neumann operators associated to weighted GJMS operators on naturally associated smooth metric measure spaces. This gives a geometric interpretation of the Caffarelli--Silvestre extension for

(- D e l t a)^{g} a m m a

when

g a m m a i n (0, 1)

, and both a geometric interpretation and a curved analogue of the higher order extension found by R. Yang for

(- D e l t a)^{g} a m m a

when

g a m m a > 1

. We give three applications of this correspondence. First, we exhibit some energy identities for the fractional GJMS operators in terms of energies in the compactified Poincar'e--Einstein manifold, including an interpretation as a renormalized energy. Second, for

g a m m a i n (1, 2)

, we show that if the scalar curvature and the fractional

Q

-curvature

Q_{2 g a m m a}

of the boundary are nonnegative, then the fractional GJMS operator

P_{2 g a m m a}

is nonnegative. Third, by assuming additionally that

Q_{2 g a m m a}

is not identically zero, we show that

P_{2 g a m m a}

satisfies a strong maximum principle.

Review text

In the interesting paper under review, the authors describe a new interpretation of the fractional Graham-Jenne-Mason-Sparling (GJMS) operators as generalized Dirichlet-to-Neumann operators associated to weighted GJMS operators on naturally associated smooth metric measure spaces. This gives a geometric interpretation of the Caffarelli-Silvestre extension [\textit{L. Caffarelli} and \textit{L. Silvestre}, Commun. Partial Differ. Equations 32, No. 8, 1245--1260 (2007; Zbl 1143.26002)] for \((-\Delta)^\gamma\) when \(\gamma\in(0,1),\) and both a geometric interpretation and a curved analogue of the higher-order extension due to R.~Yang for \((-\Delta)^\gamma\) for \(\gamma>1.\)NEWLINENEWLINEThree applications of this correspondence are given. First, the authors exhibit some energy identities for the fractional GJMS operators in terms of energies in the compactified Poincaré-Einstein manifold, including an interpretation as a renormalized energy. Second, for \(\gamma\in(1,2),\) it is shown that if the scalar curvature and the fractional \(Q\)curvature \(Q_{2\gamma}\) of the boundary are nonnegative, then the fractional GJMS operator \(P_{2\gamma}\) is nonnegative. Third, by assuming additionally that \(Q_{2\gamma}\) is not identically zero, the authors show that \(P_{2\gamma}\) satisfies a strong maximum principle.

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