On lattice hexagonal crystallization for non-monotone potentials

Publication date 9 February 2023

Abstract: Let

L = s q r t f r a c 1 I m (z) B i g (m a t h b b Z o p l u s z m a t h b b Z B i g)

where

z i n m a t h b b H = z = x + i y; h b o x o r; (x, y) i n m a t h b b C : y > 0

be the two dimensional lattices with unit density. Assuming that

a l p h a g e q 1

, we prove that �egin{equation}aligned

onumber min_{L}sum_{mathbb{P}in L, |L|=1}|mathbb{P}|^2 e^{- pialpha|mathbb{P}|^2} endalignedend{equation} is achieved at hexagonal lattice. More generally we prove that for $a l p h a g e q 1$ �egin{equation}aligned

onumber min_{L}sum_{mathbb{P}in L, |L|=1}(|mathbb{P}|^2-frac{b}{alpha}) e^{- pialpha|mathbb{P}|^2} endalignedend{equation} is achieved at hexagonal lattice for

b l e q f r a c 1 2 p i

and does not exist for

b > f r a c 1 2 p i

. As a consequence, we provide two classes of non-monotone potentials which lead to hexagonal crystallization among lattices. Our results partially answer some questions raised in cite{Oreport, Bet2016, Bet2018, Bet2019AMP} and extend the main results in cite{LW2022} on minima of difference of two theta functions.

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