One-sided approximation in affine function spaces

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approximation Choquet theory Diophantine inequalities Farkas' lemma Gordan's theorem Kronecker theorem partially ordered abelian groups refinable measure trace unperforation

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Ordered abelian groups, Riesz groups, ordered linear spaces (06F20) Diophantine inequalities (11J25) Linear inequalities of matrices (15A39) (K_0) as an ordered group, traces (19K14) Dynamical systems and the theory of (C^*)-algebras (37A55)

Abstract: Let

H

be a subgroup of a partially ordered abelian group

G

with order unit

u

, and let

S (G, u)

denote the convex subset of

consisting of all traces (states)

a u

on

G

with

a u (u) = 1

. We say that

H

has property

(B)

if, for any integer

m g e 2

, any

h i n H

and any

e p s i l o n > 0

, there exists

h^{'} i n H

such that

a u (h) - m a u (h^{'}) g e - e p s i l o n

for each

a u i n S (G, u)

. We show that, if

S (G, u)

is finite-dimensional, this condition is equivalent to asking that

a u (H)

is

0

or dense in

for all

a u

in the smallest face of

S (G, u)

containing all traces that vanish identically on

H

. When

G

is a simple dimension group and

H

is a convex subgroup of

G

, we show that

G / H

is unperforated if and only if

H

has property

(B)

. We apply both results to provide a criterion for a trace of

G

to be refinable when

G

is a simple dimension group with finitely many pure traces.

Review text

Let \(H\) be a subgroup of \(\mathbb{R}^n\) and let \(m>1\) be an integer. We say that \(H\) satisfies condition \((A_m)\) if for every \(\varepsilon>0\) and every \(h\in H\) there is \(h'\in H\) such that \(\|h-mh'\|<\varepsilon\). Kronecker showed that condition \((A_m)\) is in fact independent of \(m\), and that \(H\) satisfies it if and only if for every linear functional \(\tau: \mathbb{R}^n\to \mathbb{R}\), either \(\tau(H)=0\) or \(\tau(H)\) is dense in \(\mathbb{R}\). In the paper under review, the authors study a different approximation property for \(H\): they say that \(H\) satisfies condition \((B_m)\) if for every \(\varepsilon>0\) and every \(h\in H\) there is \(h'\in H\) such that the coordinates of \(h-mh'\) are bounded below by \(-\varepsilon\). The main result of the work is a characterization of condition \((B_m)\) in terms of positive linear functionals, analogous to the above mentioned characterization of condition \((A_m)\) by Kronecker in terms of linear functionals. To state it, we introduce some notation: let \(K_n\) denote the standard \((n-1)\) simplex in the dual of \(\mathbb{R}^n\), consisting of those linear functionals sending \((1,\ldots,1)\) to \(1\). Set \[ Z(H)=\{\tau\in K_n: \tau(H)=0\}, \] and let \(F(H)\) be the smalles face of \(K_n\) containing \(Z(H)\). Then \(H\) satisfies condition \((B_m)\) if and only if for every \(\tau\in F(H)\), either \(\tau(H)=0\) or \(\tau(H)\) is dense in \(\mathbb{R}\). In particular, condition \((B_m)\) is independent of \(m\). Some extensions of this result and applications are given as well.

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