One stabilization is not enough for closed knotted surfaces

Abstract: In this brief note, we show that there exist smooth 4-manifolds (with nonempty boundary) containing pairs of exotically knotted 2-spheres that remain exotic after one (either external or internal) stabilization. It follows that the ``one is enough theorem of Auckly-Kim-Melvin-Ruberman-Schwartz does not hold for closed surfaces whose homology classes are characteristic.

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