Polya enumeration theorems in algebraic geometry

DOI10.4310/MRL.2022.V29.N5.A2MaRDI QIDQ6042851zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Gilyoung Cheong

Publication date 4 May 2023

Published in Mathematical Research Letters (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.04825

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Finite ground fields in algebraic geometry (14G15) Group actions on varieties or schemes (quotients) (14L30)

Abstract: We generalize a formula due to Macdonald that relates the singular Betti numbers of $X^n/G$ to those of $X$, where $X$ is a compact manifold and $G$ is any subgroup of the symmetric group $S_n$ acting on $X^n$ by permuting coordinates. Our result is completely axiomatic: in a general setting, given an endomorphism on the cohomology $$, it explains how we can explicitly relate the Lefschetz series of the induced endomorphism on $$ to that of the given endomorphism on $$ in the presence of the K"unneth formula with respect to a cup product. For example, when $X$ is a compact manifold, we take the Lefschetz series given by the singular cohomology with rational coefficients. On the other hand, when $X$ is a projective variety over a finite field $mathbb{F}_q$, we use the $l$-adic 'etale cohomology with a suitable choice of prime number $l$. We also explain how our formula generalizes the P'olya enumeration theorem, a classical theorem in combinatorics that counts colorings of a graph up to given symmetries, where $X$ is taken to be a finite set of colors. When $X$ is a smooth projective variety over $mathbbC$, our formula also generalizes a result of Cheah that relates the Hodge numbers of $X^n/G$ to those of $X$. We will also see that our result generalizes the following facts: 1. the generating function of the Poincar'e polynomials of symmetric powers of a compact manifold $X$ is rational; 2. the generating function of the Hodge-Deligne polynomials of symmetric powers of a smooth projective variety $X$ over $mathbbC$ is rational; 3. the zeta series of a projective variety $X$ over $mathbb{F}_q$ is rational. We also prove analogous rationality results when we replace $S_n$ with $A_n$, alternating groups.

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