Polynomials whose coefficients coincide with their zeros

DOI10.1007/S00010-018-0546-7MaRDI QIDQ1647752zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors O. Bigun, Damiano Fulghesu

Publication date 26 June 2018

Published in Aequationes Mathematicae (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1705.02057

zbMATH Keywords

\(N\)-body problemenumerative geometryhypergeometric type differential operatorstable equilibriaUlam mapUlam polynomial

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Special polynomials in general fields (12E10) Enumerative problems (combinatorial problems) in algebraic geometry (14N10) Real polynomials: location of zeros (26C10) Orthogonal polynomials and functions of hypergeometric type (Jacobi, Laguerre, Hermite, Askey scheme, etc.) (33C45)

Abstract: In this paper we consider monic polynomials such that their coefficients coincide with their zeros. These polynomials were first introduced by S. Ulam. We combine methods of algebraic geometry and dynamical systems to prove several results. We obtain estimates on the number of Ulam polynomials of degree $N$. We provide additional methods to obtain algebraic identities satisfied by the zeros of Ulam polynomials, beyond the straightforward comparison of their zeros and coefficients. To address the question about existence of orthogonal Ulam polynomial sequences, we show that the only Ulam polynomial eigenfunctions of hypergeometric type differential operators are the trivial Ulam polynomials ${x^N}_{N=0}^{i}nfty$. We propose a family of solvable $N$-body problems such that their stable equilibria are the zeros of certain Ulam polynomials.

Review text

The authors study monic univariate polynomials whose coefficients coincide with their roots in the complex field, shortly, Ulam polynomials. The bulk of the paper is devoted to counting Ulam polynomials of specified degree \(N\) by means of enumerative geometry. According to Theorem 3.5, the variety associated to a certain ideal has precisely \(N!-(N-1)!\) points, provided its homogenization is a radical ideal. After determining the number of Ulam polynomials of each degree \(N\leq 5\), it is shown that for \(N\geq 4\) there exist less than \(N!\) Ulam polynomials of degree \(N\). Moreover, for \(N\geq 2\) there exists an Ulam polynomial of degree \(N\) or \(N-1\) with all coefficients different from zero. In a different vein, it is shown that the only Ulam polynomial eigenfunctions of hypergeometric type differential operators are the trivial ones \(\{x^N\}_{N\geq 0}\). The differential operator and the corresponding eigenvalues are explicitly given. Finally, a family of solvable \(N\)-body problems such that their stable equilibria are the zeros of certain Ulam polynomials is also pointed out.

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Cites work

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Cited in

(4)

• Polynomials With {0, +1, -1} Coefficients and a Root Close to a Given Point
• scientific article; zbMATH DE number 1898309 (Why is no real title available?)
• The peculiar (monic) polynomials, the zeros of which equal their coefficients
• Sums of two polynomials with each having real zeros symmetric with the other

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