Provably efficient machine learning for quantum many-body problems

DOI10.1126/SCIENCE.ABK3333MaRDI QIDQ6091347zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Hsin-Yuan Huang, Richard Kueng, Victor V. Albert, John Preskill

Publication date 24 November 2023

Published in Science (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2106.12627

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Learning and adaptive systems in artificial intelligence (68T05) Software, source code, etc. for problems pertaining to quantum theory (81-04) Many-body theory; quantum Hall effect (81V70)

Abstract: Classical machine learning (ML) provides a potentially powerful approach to solving challenging quantum many-body problems in physics and chemistry. However, the advantages of ML over more traditional methods have not been firmly established. In this work, we prove that classical ML algorithms can efficiently predict ground state properties of gapped Hamiltonians in finite spatial dimensions, after learning from data obtained by measuring other Hamiltonians in the same quantum phase of matter. In contrast, under widely accepted complexity theory assumptions, classical algorithms that do not learn from data cannot achieve the same guarantee. We also prove that classical ML algorithms can efficiently classify a wide range of quantum phases of matter. Our arguments are based on the concept of a classical shadow, a succinct classical description of a many-body quantum state that can be constructed in feasible quantum experiments and be used to predict many properties of the state. Extensive numerical experiments corroborate our theoretical results in a variety of scenarios, including Rydberg atom systems, 2D random Heisenberg models, symmetry-protected topological phases, and topologically ordered phases.

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