Seshadri constants and surfaces of minimal degree

Authors Wioletta Syzdek, Tomasz Szemberg

Publication date 14 January 2010

Published in Bulletin of the Belgian Mathematical Society - Simon Stevin (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/0806.1351, https://projecteuclid.org/euclid.bbms/1260369409

ample line bundle intersection multiplicity projective surface Seshadri constant

Intersection theory, characteristic classes, intersection multiplicities in algebraic geometry (14C17) Divisors, linear systems, invertible sheaves (14C20) Fibrations, degenerations in algebraic geometry (14D06) Embeddings in algebraic geometry (14E25) Surfaces and higher-dimensional varieties (14J99)

Abstract: In "Seshadri fibrations of algebraic surfaces" [arXiv:0709.2592v1] we showed that if the multiple point Seshadri constants of an ample line bundle on a smooth projective surface in very general points satisfy certain inequality then the surface is fibred by curves computing these constants. Here we characterize the border case of polarized surfaces whose Seshadri constants in general points fulfill the equality instead of inequality and which are not fibred by Seshadri curves. It turns out that these surfaces are the projective plane and surfaces of minimal degree.

Review text

Let \(X\) be a smooth projective surface, \(L\) be a nef line bundle on \(X\), and \(P_1,\dots,P_r\) be \(r\geq 1\) points on \(X\). One defines {\textit{the \(r\)-tuple Seshadri constant of \(L\) at the set \(P_1,\dots,P_r\)}} as the real number \[ \varepsilon\,(L;P_1,\dots,P_r):=\inf_{C\cap\{P_1,\dots,P_r\}\neq\emptyset}\,\frac{L\cdot C}{\sum{\text{mult}}_{P_i}C}, \] where the infimum is taken over all irreducible curves \(C\) of \(X\) passing through at least one of the points \(P_1,\dots,P_r\). The Kleiman criterion of ampleness implies that \[ \varepsilon\,(L;P_1,\dots,P_r)\leq \root\dim X\of{\frac{L^{\dim X}}{r}}:=\alpha(L;r). \] When this inequality is strict then the Seshadri constant is actually computed by a curve and not approximated by a sequence of curves. One defines a {\textit{Seshadri curve for \(L\) at the \(r\)-tuple \(P_1,\dots,P_r\)}} any curve \(C\) such that \[ \varepsilon\,(L;P_1,\dots,P_r)=\frac{L\cdot C}{\sum{\text{mult}}_{P_i}C}. \] The \textit{Seshadri function} \[ \varepsilon_r: (P_1,\dots,P_r)\in X^r\to \varepsilon\,(L;P_1,\dots,P_r)\in\mathbb R \] is semi-continuous and reaches its maximal value \(\varepsilon\,(L;r):=\max \varepsilon_r\) at a set which is a complement of an at most countable union of Zarisky closed proper subsets of \(X\) (i.e. at a very general multiple point \((P_1,\dots,P_r)\in X^r\)). In the case \(r=1\) one knows that if \(\varepsilon\,(L;1)\ll \alpha(L;1)\) then there exists a non-trivial fibration of \(X\) over a curve whose fibers are Seshadri curves for \(L\) [see \textit{M. Nakamaye}, J. Reine Angew. Math. 564, 205--214 (2003; Zbl 1052.14038) and \textit{T. Szemberg} and \textit{H. Tutaj-Gasińska}, Ann. Acad. Paedagog. Crac. 23, Stud. Math. 4, 225--229 (2004; Zbl 1131.14012)]. In the case \(r\geq 2\), \textit{W. Syzdek} and \textit{T. Szemberg} [``Seshadri fibrations on algebraic surfaces, \url{arXiv:0709.2592} [math.AG], to appear in Math. Nachr.] proved a similar result, i.e. that if \(L\) is big and nef and \(\varepsilon\,(L;1)< \sqrt{\frac{r-1}{r}}\cdot\alpha(L;1)\) then there exists a fibration \(f:X\to B\) over a curve \(B\) such that for very general \((P_1,\dots,P_r)\in X^r\) and any \(i\in\{P_1,\dots,P_r\}\) the fiber over \(f(P_i)\) is a Seshadri curve of \(L\). In the paper under review the authors complete previous analysis proving that when \(r\geq 2\), if \(L\) is big and nef and \(\varepsilon\,(L;1)= \sqrt{\frac{r-1}{r}}\cdot\alpha(L;1)\), and if \(X\) is not fibred by Seshadri curves for \(L\), then either \(r=2\), \(X=\mathbf P^2\) and \(L=\mathcal O_{\mathbf P^2}(1)\), or \(X\) is a surface of minimal degree in \(\mathbf P^r\) and \(L=\mathcal O_{\mathbf P^r}(1)\). A similar result for \(r=1\) was already obtained by the same authors in the quoted paper [see Theorem 3.2 in \textit{W. Syzdek} and \textit{T. Szemberg}, loc. cit.].

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