It is shown that in a universal class of not necessarily associative rings the smallest semisimple class containing a given class does not in general exist. Not every class (even of associative rings) contains a largest semisimple class. Let U and S stand for the upper radical and semisimple operator. A class of rings is coregular, if SUM\(\subseteq M\), and a class M is a cogenerator of the radical R, if R is the smallest radical class such that SR\(\subseteq M\). Coregular classes and cogenerators are investigated. Every coregular class is a cogenerator. Criteria are given for a class M to be a cogenerator, for instance, M is a cogenerator if and only if the union of all the semisimple classes in M is semisimple. Every class M is contained in a smallest coregular class \(M\cup SUM\).
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- Hereditary Radicals in Associative and Alternative Rings
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