Normal subgroups and elementary theories of lattice-ordered groups

The author proves several deep theorems about lattice-ordered groups (or \(\ell\)-groups) based on his joint earlier work with \textit{S. Shelah} on the set-theoretic classification of normal subgroup lattices of automorphism groups of chains [Isr. J. Math. 51, 223-261 (1985; Zbl 0608.06001)]. The author introduces a special case of this classification, suitably modified for the present context, involving the class of all trees having certain characteristics, and this is of special interest in itself. The main result of the paper is that, for any \(\ell\)-group G and any cardinal \(\alpha\geq \max \{| G|,2^{\aleph_ 0}\}\), there exists a set of \(2^{\aleph_ 0}\) doubly homogeneous chains \((S_ i,\leq)\) \((i\in 2^{\omega})\) of cardinality \(\alpha\) with the following properties: (1) G can be \(\ell\)-embedded into each \(Aut(S_ i,\leq)\). (2) The \(\ell\)-groups \(Aut(S_ i,\leq)\) are pairwise elementarily inequivalent both as groups and as lattices with constant the identity element. (3) Each group \(Aut(S_ i,\leq)\) has only inner automorphisms. Corollary: Any countable \(\ell\)-group can be embedded into \(2^{\aleph_ 0}\) countable \(\ell\)-groups \(H_ i\) \((i\in 2^{\omega})\) such that each has precisely \(2^{\aleph_ 0}\) maximal proper normal subgroups and such that the \(H_ i\) are pairwise elementarily inequivalent both as groups and as lattices with constant. The final main result is that, for any countable \(\ell\)-group G, there exists a countable \(\ell\)-group H with the following properties: Every normal subgroup of H is an \(\ell\)-ideal; the normal subgroup lattice of H is isomorphic to the lattice of all ideals of the countable dense Boolean algebra B; and G can be embedded into each non-trivial quotient of H.

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