Instability intervals of Hill's equation with piecewise constant and alternating coefficient

Special ordinary differential equations (Mathieu, Hill, Bessel, etc.) (34B30) Eigenvalues, estimation of eigenvalues, upper and lower bounds of ordinary differential operators (34L15) Asymptotic distribution of eigenvalues, asymptotic theory of eigenfunctions for ordinary differential operators (34L20)

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This paper deals with asymptotic estimates of the instability intervals of the Hill equation \[ -y^{\prime\prime}(x)=\lambda\rho(x)y(x)\leqno{(*)} \] on \({\mathbb R}\), where \(\lambda\) is a complex parameter and \(\rho\) is a periodic function with period \(\omega\) such that \[ \rho(x)=\begin{cases}1&\text{if}\quad 0<x\leq a,\\-1&\text{if}\quad a<x\leq\omega.\end{cases} \] Denoting by \(\mu_{2k}^{\pm}\) (\(k\in{\mathbb Z}\)) and \(\mu_{2k+1}^{\pm}\) (\(k\in{\mathbb Z}\)), respectively, the eigenvalues of \((*)\) with periodic boundary conditions and antiperiodic boundary conditions, respectively. Then we have \[ \cdots<\mu^{-}_{-2}\leq\mu^{+}_{-2}<\mu^{-}_{-1}\leq\mu^{+}_{-1}<\mu^{-}_{0}\leq \mu^{+}_{0}<\mu^{-}_{1}\leq\mu^{+}_{1}<\mu^{-}_{2}\leq\mu^{+}_{2}<\cdots. \] The authors prove that there exists a positive integer \(m_{0}\) such that \[ \begin{gathered}\mu^{\pm}_{n}=\left(\frac{n\pi\pm 2r_{n}^{\pm}}{a}\right)^{2}\quad\text{for}\quad n\geq m_{0}+1,\\ \mu^{\pm}_{n}=-\left(\frac{n\pi\pm 2r_{n}^{\pm}}{\omega-a}\right)^{2}\quad\text{for}\quad n\leq -(m_{0}+1),\end{gathered} \] where \[ 0\leq r_{n}^{\pm}<\pi/2\quad(|n|\geq m_{0}+1). \] Moreover, the authors show that the length of the instability interval \((\mu_{n}^{-},\mu_{n}^{+})\) tends to infinity as \(n\to\pm\infty\).

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