Pole dynamics for elliptic solutions of the Korteweg-de Vries equation

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Abstract: The real, nonsingular elliptic solutions of the Korteweg-deVries equation are studied through the time dynamics of their poles in the complex plane. The dynamics of these poles is governed by a dynamical system with a constraint. This constraint is shown to be solvable for any finite number of poles located in the fundamental domain of the elliptic function, often in many different ways. Special consideration is given to those elliptic solutions that have a real nonsingular soliton limit.


Any meromorphic solution of the KdV equation \(u_t= 6uu_x+ u_{xxx}\) which is doubly periodic in \(x\) (i.e., the elliptic soultion) is of the form \[ u(x,t)= -2 \sum^N_{i=1} \wp(x- x_i(t)) \] with all \(x_i(t)\) distinct except at isolated instants of time, where \(\wp(z)= \wp(z; \omega_1, \omega_2)\) is the Weierstrass functions (with periodics \(\omega_1\), \(\omega_2\)). The dynamics of the poles are governed by the constrained dynamical system \[ {dx_i\over dt}= 12 \sum\wp(x_i- x_j),\quad \wp'(x_i- x_j)= 0\qquad (i\neq j). \] Any number \(N\neq 2\) is allowed. If \(|\omega_1/\omega_2|\) is large enough and \(N\geq 4\), then nonequivalent configurations satisfying the constraint exist that do not flow into each other. The \(x_i\) are allowed to coincide only in triangular numbers: if some of the \(x_i\) coincide at \(t= t_c\), then \({g_i(g_i+ 1)\over 2}\) of them coincide at \(t= t_c\) and \[ u(x, t_c)= -2\sum^M_{i=0} {g_i(g_i+ 1)\over 2} \wp(x- \alpha_i) \] for some \(M\) (where \(N=\sum^M_{i= 1} {g_i(g_i- 1)\over 2}\)). Explicit solutions with \(N=4\) are presented with figures displaying the motion of poles \(x_i(t)\) and the shape of the solution \(u(x,t)\).











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