Dynamical properties of discrete Lotka-Volterra equations

Qualitative investigation and simulation of ordinary differential equation models (34C60) Strange attractors, chaotic dynamics of systems with hyperbolic behavior (37D45) Discrete version of topics in analysis (39A12) Population dynamics (general) (92D25)

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The authors consider the Lotka-Volterra system of differential equations in the plane of the form \[ \frac{dx}{dt}=\lambda x(1-ax-by),\quad \frac{dy}{dt}=\mu y(1-cx-d y) \] where \(\lambda>0\), \(\mu>0\), \(a\geq 0\), \(b\geq 0\), \(c\geq 0\), \(d\geq 0\), \(a+b+c+d>0\). Define the Lotka-Volterra map \(F:\mathbb{R}^2\to\mathbb{R}^2\) by \[ F(x,y)=(\lambda x(1-ax-by),\;\mu y(1-cx-d y)),\quad (x,y)\in\mathbb{R}^2. \] Denote by \(F^n\) the iterates of \(F\) under composition of functions. Consider the smooth analytic semigroup action \(\mathbb{Z}_+\times \mathbb{R}^2\to\mathbb{R}^2\) defined by \((n,X)\mapsto F^n(X)\) constituting a smooth semidynamical system on \(\mathbb{R}^n\), where \(\mathbb{Z}_+\) is the additive semigroup of nonnegative integers and \(X=(x,y)\in\mathbb{R}^2\). The authors consider the special uncoupled case of Lotka-Volterra map \[ F(x,y)=(\lambda x(1-x),\mu y(1-y)),\quad (x,y)\in\mathbb{R}^2 \] and point out a few of the features of the iterates of this map. Then the dynamics of the simple quadratic coupled special case of the Lotka-Volterra map \[ F(x,y)=(\lambda x(1-y),\mu y(1-x)),\quad (x,y)\in\mathbb{R}^2 \] is investigated. In this case for \(0<\lambda\), \(\mu <1\) the unit square is invariant with respect to the map \(F\), for \(\lambda=\mu\) we have \(F(L_\sigma)\subset L_{\lambda\sigma}\) where \[ L_\sigma= \{(x,y)\in\mathbb{R}^2;\;y=x+\sigma,\quad \sigma\in\mathbb{R}\}, \] for \(\lambda=\mu>1\) the authors give some properties of the dynamical system of iterates of \(F\) and also if \(\lambda>1\), \(\mu>1\) and \((\lambda-1)(\mu-1)<4\). Finally the authors consider \[ F(x,y)=(\lambda x(1-x-\alpha y),\mu y(1-\beta x-y)),\quad (x,y)\in\mathbb{R}^2 \] with \(\alpha, \beta, \lambda, \mu\) positive numbers, summarize some basic features of this map and its dynamic behaviour by proving that there is a chaotic regime generated by an orientation-reversing horseshoe map that the authors call a twisted horseshoe. Moreover the authors show that the compact invariant set corresponding to the twisted horseshoe is essentially locally repelling -- indicating that this population state is highly unstable.

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