On the Falk invariant of signed graphic arrangements

Signed and weighted graphs (05C22) Derived series, central series, and generalizations for groups (20F14) Arrangements of points, flats, hyperplanes (aspects of discrete geometry) (52C35)

Abstract: The fundamental group of the complement of a hyperplane arrangement in a complex vector space is an important topological invariant. The third rank of successive quotients in the lower central series of the fundamental group was called Falk invariant of the arrangement since Falk gave the first formula and asked to give a combinatorial interpretation. In this article, we give a combinatorial formula for the Falk invariant of a signed graphic arrangement that do not have a

B_{2}

as sub-arrangement.

Review text

In this interesting paper, the authors find a combinatorial description for the 3rd Falk invariant of signed graphic arrangements that do not have a \(B_{2}\) sub-arrangement. Let \(\mathcal{A} = \{H_{1},\dots,H_{n}\} \subset \mathbb{C}^{\ell}\) be a hyperplane arrangement and we denote by \(E^{1} = \bigoplus_{j=1}^{n} \mathbb{C}e_{j}\) the free module generated by \(e_{1},e_{2},\dots,e_{n}\), where \(e_{i}\) is a symbol corresponding to \(H_{i}\). Let \(E = \bigwedge E^{1}\) be the exterior algebra over \(\mathbb{C}\). Denote by \(I(A)\) the Orlik-Solomon ideal associated to \(\mathcal{A}\) and we define the Orlik-Solomon algebra of \(\mathcal{A}\) by \(A:= E / I(\mathcal{A})\). We can write \(A = \bigoplus_{p\geq 0} A^{p}\), where \(A^{p} = E^{p} / I^{p}\) and \(I^{p} = I\cap E^{p}\) due to the homogenity of \(I\). We are ready to define the (3rd) Falk invariant. Definition 1. Consider the map \(d\) defined by \[ d: E^{1} \otimes I^{2} \rightarrow E^{3} \] \[ d(a\otimes b) = a \wedge b. \] The Falk invariant is defined as \(\phi_{3} := \dim(\text{ker} (d))\). It is known that \(\phi_{3}\) can be described from the lower central series of the fundamental group \(\pi(M)\) of the complex complement \(M\) of the arrangement \(\mathcal{A}\). If we consider the lower central series as a chain of subgroups \(N_{i}\), where \(N_{1} = \pi(M)\), and \(N_{k+1} = [N_{k},N_{1}]\), the subgroup generated by commutators of elements in \(N_{k}\) and \(N_{1}\), then \(\phi_{3}\) is the rank of the finitely generated abelian group \(N_{3} / N_{4}\). Now we look at the signed graphic arrangements. Definiton 2. A signed graph is a tuple \(G = (V_{G}, E_{G}^{+}, E_{G}^{-},L_{G})\), where \(V_{G}\) is a finite set called the set of vertices, \(E_{G}^{+}\) is a subset of \({V_{g} \choose 2}\) called the set of positive edges, \(E_{G}^{-}\) is a subset of \({V_{G} \choose 2}\) called the set of negative edges, and \(L_{G}\) is a subset of \(V_{G}\) called the set of loops. Definition 3. Given a signed graph \(G\), let \(\mathcal{A}(G)\) be the hyperplane arrangement in \(\mathbb{C}^{\ell}\), where \(\ell\) is the number of vertices of \(G\), consisting of the following hyperplanes: {\parindent=8mm \begin{itemize}\item[(i)] \(\{x_{i}-x_{j} = 0\}\) for \(\{i,j\} \in E_{G}^{+}\), \item[(ii)] \(\{x_{i}+x_{j}=0 \}\) for \(\{i,j\} \in E_{G}^{-}\), \item[(iii)] \(\{x_{i}=0\}\) for \(i \in L_{G}\). \end{itemize}} We call \(\mathcal{A}(G)\) the signed graphic arrangement associated to \(G\). For a given signed graph \(G\) we define the sign function on the set of edges by \(\text{sign}(e) ={+}\) if \(e \in E_{G}^{+}\), and \(\text{sign}(e) ={-}\) if \(e \in E_{G}^{-}\cup L_{G}\). Given a signed graph \(G\) and a function \(\sigma : V_{G} \rightarrow \{+,-\}\), we can define a new signed graph \(G'\) that has the same underlying graph as \(G\) but with a different sign function. In particular, if \(e = \{i,j\} \in E_{G}\), then \(\text{sing}_{G'}(e) = \sigma(i) \text{sing}_{G}(e) \sigma(j)\). We call \(G'\) the switching of \(G\), and \(\sigma\) a switching function. In order to formulate the main result of the paper, we need to introduce the following notion: \(K_{\ell}\) is a complete graph with \(\ell\) vertices and all edges being positive, \(D_{\ell}\) is a complete signed graph with \(\ell\) vertices and no loops, \(B_{\ell}\) is a signed complete graph with \(\ell\) vertices and a full set of loops, \(K_{\ell}^{\ell}\) is a complete graph with \(\ell\) vertices, all edges being positive, and a full set of loops, \(D_{\ell}^{1}\) is a signed complete graph with \(\ell\) vertices and one loop, and we define \(G_{\circ}\) as the graph having \(V_{G} = \{1,2,3\}\), \(L_{G} = \{2\}\), \(E_{G}^{+} = \{\{1,3\},\{1,2\},\{2,3\}\}\), \(E_{G}^{-} = \{\{1,2\},\{2,3\}\}\). Finally, we denote by \(\overline{G}\) a signed graph switching equivalent to \(G\) for some switching function \(\sigma\) (i.e., these are graphs having the same list of balanced cycles, where a cycle \(C = e_{1}e_{2}\dots e_{k}e_{1}\) is balanced if we have \(\text{sign}(C) :=\prod_{i=1}^{k}\text{sign}(e_{i}) ={+}\)). Main Theorem. For a signed graphic arrangement \(\mathcal{A}(G)\) associated to a signed graph \(G\) not containing a subgraph isomorphic to \(B_{2}\) subgraph, we have \[ \phi_{3} = 2(k_{3}+k_{4}+d_{3}+d_{2,1}+k_{2,2}+k_{3,3}+g_{\circ})+5d_{3,1}, \] where \(k_{l}\) denotes the number of subgraphs of \(G\) isomorphic to a \(\overline{K_{l}}\), \(d_{l}\) denotes the number of subgraphs of \(G\) isomorphic to \(D_{l}\) but not contained in \(D_{l}^{1}\), \(d_{l,1}\) denotes the number of subgraphs of \(G\) isomorphic to \(D_{l}^{1}\), \(k_{l,l}\) denotes the number of subgraphs of \(G\) isomorphic to \(\overline{K^{l}_{l}}\), and \(g_{\circ}\) denotes the number of subgraphs of \(G\) isomorphic to \(\overline{G_{\circ}}\) but not contained in \(D_{l}^{1}\).

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