(p,2)-equations asymmetric at both zero and infinity

. Using variational tools, together with truncation and comparison techniques and Morse theory, we prove two multiplicity theorems, one of them providing sign information for all the solutions (positive, negative, nodal).

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Given a bounded domain \(\Omega \subseteq \mathbb{R}^N\) with a \(C^2\)-boundary \(\partial \Omega\), the authors study the nonlinear nonhomogeneous Dirichlet problem \[ -\Delta_p u(z)-\Delta u(z) = f(z,u(z))\quad\text{in }\Omega, \quad u\big|_{\partial \Omega}=0, \quad 2<p, \] where \(\Delta_p\) denotes the \(p\)-Laplace differential operator. The reaction term \(f:\Omega \times \mathbb{R}\to \mathbb{R}\) is a Carathéodory function such that \(f(z,0)=0\). It is assumed that \(f(z,\cdot)\) exhibits \((p-1)\)-linear growth near \(\pm\infty\). However, the growth of \(f(z,\cdot)\) is asymmetric near \(\pm\infty\). More precisely, the quotient \[ \frac{f(z,x)}{|x|^{p-2}x} \] crosses at least the principal eigenvalue \(\hat{\lambda}_1(p)>0\) of \((-\Delta_p,W^{1,p}_0(\Omega))\). In the negative direction the authors allow resonance with respect to \(\hat{\lambda}_1(p)>0\), while in the positive direction resonance can occur with respect to any nonprincipal eigenvalue of \((-\Delta_p,W^{1,p}_0(\Omega))\). A similar asymmetric behavior when \(x\to 0^{\pm}\) is assumed. This time the quotient \(\frac{f(z,x)}{x}\) crosses \(\hat{\lambda}_2(2)>0\). Under this double asymmetric setting, a multiplicity theorem producing three nontrivial smooth solutions providing sign information for all of them is shown. A second multiplicity theorem is also proved without sign information for the third solution.

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