The virial theorem and ground state energy estimates of nonlinear Schrödinger equations in R^2 with square root and saturable nonlinearities in nonlinear optics

DOI10.1007/S00526-017-1251-4MaRDI QIDQ1674635zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Tai-Chia Lin, Milan S. Petrović, H. Hajaiej, Goong Chen, Milivoj R. Belić

Publication date 25 October 2017

Published in Calculus of Variations and Partial Differential Equations (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1608.06102

nonlinear optics nonlinear Schrödinger equation

Variational methods for elliptic systems (35J50) NLS equations (nonlinear Schrödinger equations) (35Q55) Nonlinear spectral theory, nonlinear eigenvalue problems (47J10) Lasers, masers, optical bistability, nonlinear optics (78A60)

Abstract: The virial theorem is a nice property for the linear Schrodinger equation in atomic and molecular physics as it gives an elegant ratio between the kinetic and potential energies and is useful in assessing the quality of numerically computed eigenvalues. If the governing equation is a nonlinear Schrodinger equation with power-law nonlinearity, then a similar ratio can be obtained but there seems no way of getting any eigenvalue estimate. It is surprising as far as we are concerned that when the nonlinearity is either square-root or saturable nonlinearity (not a power-law), one can develop a virial theorem and eigenvalue estimate of nonlinear Schrodinger (NLS) equations in R2 with square-root and saturable nonlinearity, respectively. Furthermore, we show here that the eigenvalue estimate can be used to obtain the 2nd order term (which is of order

l n G a m m a

) of the lower bound of the ground state energy as the coefficient

G a m m a

of the nonlinear term tends to infinity.

Review text

This paper considers the nonlinear Schrödinger equation \[ \Delta u+\Gamma f\left( u^{2}\right) u=\lambda^{2}u\text{ in } \mathbb{R}^{2}, \] where $\Gamma>0$ and $\lambda\in\mathbb{R}$, in the particular case of the square-root nonlinearity $f\left( s\right) =1-\frac{1}{\sqrt{1+s}}$, $s>0$, and the saturable nonlinearity $f\left( s\right) =1-\frac{1}{1+s}$, $s>0$. The aim of the paper is to study the virial relation, which is a ratio $\alpha=\alpha\left( u\right) $, between the kinetic and potential energies, and to estimate the energy of the ground state. These results are useful in assessing the quality of numerical computations of the eigenvalues. Estimates for the ratio $\alpha$ and the eigenvalue $\lambda$ in terms of the coupling constant $\Gamma$ are presented. In particular, it is shown that \[ -1<\alpha<0, \] which is the same interval as in the virial theorem for the linear Schrödinger equation with Coulomb potentials. Moreover, these eigenvalue estimates are used to show that the lower bound for the energy of the ground state asymptotically has the form \[ -\frac{\Gamma}{2}+\sigma\frac{T}{2}\ln\Gamma+C,\text{ as }\Gamma \rightarrow\infty, \] where $\sigma\in(0,1)$ in the case of saturable nonlinearities, $\sigma=1$ in the case of square-root nonlinearities, $T=\inf_{u\in H^{1},\left\Vert u\right\Vert _{L^{2}}=1}\left( -\Gamma\alpha\right) $, and $C$ is a constant independent of $\Gamma$.

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