Counting rule of Nambu-Goldstone modes for internal and spacetime symmetries: Bogoliubov theory approach

DOI10.1016/J.AOP.2014.12.009zbMATH Open1377.81068arXiv1404.7696OpenAlexW3098527978MaRDI QIDQ1692452FDOQ1692452

Daisuke Takahashi, Muneto Nitta

Publication date: 10 January 2018

Published in: Annals of Physics (Search for Journal in Brave)

Abstract: When continuous symmetry is spontaneously broken, there appear Nambu-Goldstone modes (NGMs) with linear and quadratic dispersion relations, which are called type-I and type-II, respectively. We propose a framework to count these modes including the coefficients of the dispersion relations with applying the standard Gross-Pitaevskii-Bogoliubov theory. Our method is mainly based on (i) zero-mode solutions of the Bogoliubov equation originated from spontaneous symmetry breaking and (ii) their generalized orthogonal relations, which naturally arises from well-known Bogoliubov transformations and is referred to as "$sigma$-orthogonality" in this paper. Unlike previous works, our framework is applicable without any modification to the cases where there are additional zero modes, which do not have a symmetry origin, such as quasi-NGMs, and/or where spacetime symmetry is spontaneously broken in the presence of a topological soliton or a vortex. As a by-product of the formulation, we also give a compact summary for mathematics of bosonic Bogoliubov equations and Bogoliubov transformations, which becomes a foundation for any problem of Bogoliubov quasiparticles. The general results are illustrated by various examples in spinor Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs). In particular, the result on the spin-3 BECs includes new findings such as a type-I-type-II transition and an increase of the type-II dispersion coefficient caused by a linearly-independent pair of zero modes.

Full work available at URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1404.7696

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zbMATH Keywords

spontaneous symmetry breakingGross-Pitaevskii equationindefinite inner product spacespinor Bose-Einstein condensatesNambu-Goldstone modesBogoliubov theory

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

PDEs in connection with quantum mechanics (35Q40) Symmetry breaking in quantum theory (81R40) Many-body theory; quantum Hall effect (81V70) Symmetries and conservation laws in mechanics of particles and systems (70S10)

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Cited In (6)

• Non-abelian chiral soliton lattice in rotating QCD matter: Nambu-Goldstone and excited modes
• Quantum exact non-abelian vortices in non-relativistic theories
• Overcounting of interior excitations: a resolution to the bags of gold paradox in AdS
• Relation between generalized Bogoliubov and Bogoliubov–de Gennes approaches including Nambu–Goldstone mode
• Criteria for the absence of quantum fluctuations after spontaneous symmetry breaking
• Emergent discrete 3-form symmetry and domain walls

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