Normality in terms of distances and contractions

DOI10.1016/J.JMAA.2017.12.062MaRDI QIDQ1706345zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Eva Colebunders, M. Sioen, W. Van Den Haute

Publication date 22 March 2018

Published in Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1710.09218, https://hdl.handle.net/10067/1498370151162165141

zbMATH Keywords

approach spaceKatětov-Tong insertion theoremnormalityTietze extension theoremUrysohn function

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Topological spaces and generalizations (closure spaces, etc.) (54A05) Cardinality properties (cardinal functions and inequalities, discrete subsets) (54A25) Extension of maps (54C20) Real-valued functions in general topology (54C30) Higher separation axioms (completely regular, normal, perfectly or collectionwise normal, etc.) (54D15)

Abstract: The main purpose of this paper is to explore normality in terms of distances between points and sets. We prove some important consequences on realvalued contractions, i.e. functions not enlarging the distance, showing that as in the classical context of closures and continuous maps, normality in terms of distances based on an appropriate numerical notion of $gamma$-separation of sets, has far reaching consequences on real valued contractive maps, where the real line is endowed with the Euclidean metric. We show that normality is equivalent to (1) separation of $gamma$-separated sets by some Urysohn contractive map, (2) to Katv{e}tov-Tong's interpolation, stating that for bounded positive realvalued functions, between an upper and a larger lower regular function, there exists a contractive interpolating map and (3) to Tietze's extension theorem stating that certain contractions defined on a subspace can be contractively extended to the whole space. The appropriate setting for these investigations is the category of approach spaces, but the results have (quasi)-metric counterparts in terms of non-expansive maps. Moreover when restricted to topological spaces, classical normality and its equivalence to separation by a Urysohn continuous map, to Katv{e}tov-Tong's interpolation for semicontinuous maps and to Tietze's extension theorem for continuous maps are recovered.

Review text

The authors investigate normality in the context of approach spaces with the aim of obtaining versions of Urysohn's Lemma, the Tietze extension theorem, and the Katětov-Tong insertion theorem. The latter states that on a normal space if \(f\) is upper semicontinuous, \(h\) is lower semicontinuous, and \(f\leq h\) then there is a continuous function \(g\) such that \(f\leq g\leq h\), see [\textit{M. Katětov}, Fundam. Math. 38, 85--91 (1951; Zbl 0045.25704)] and [\textit{H. Tong}, Duke Math. J. 19, 289--292 (1952; Zbl 0046.16203)]. The definition of normality in this paper corresponds to Lemmas 2 and 3 in Chapter 4 of \textit{J. L. Kelley}'s text [General topology. Reprint of the 1955 original published by van Nostrand. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications (2017; Zbl 1358.54001)] and makes the approach version of Urysohn's Lemma relatively straightforward. The proof of the insertion characterization is reminiscent of Tong's argument [loc. cit.]. The extension theorem is proved using the insertion theorem but with more work than in Tong's paper as the conditions on the maps under consideration are more restrictive than mere continuity.

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Cited in

(8)

• Normality along squares
• Normality, regularity and contractive realvalued maps
• Zero dimensionality of the Čech-Stone compactification of an approach space
• Extensions of contractions and uniform contractions on dense subspaces
• A New Approach to the Katětov–Tong Theorem
• An isomorphism of the Wallman and Čech-Stone compactifications
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• A theorem of insertion and extension of functions for normal spaces

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