Quasi-local energy from a Minkowski reference

DOI10.1007/S10714-018-2484-ZzbMATH Open1408.83020arXiv1811.05640OpenAlexW2963186025WikidataQ128924567 ScholiaQ128924567MaRDI QIDQ1709997FDOQ1709997

Authors: Chiang-Mei Chen, Jian-Liang Liu, James M. Nester 

Publication date: 15 January 2019

Published in: General Relativity and Gravitation (Search for Journal in Brave)

Abstract: The specification of energy for gravitating systems has been an unsettled issue since Einstein proposed his pseudotensor. It is now understood that energy-momentum is emph{quasi-local} (associated with a closed 2-surface). Here we consider quasi-local proposals (including pseudotensors) in the Lagrangian-Noether-Hamiltonian formulations. There are two ambiguities: (i) there are many possible expressions, (ii) they depend on some non-dynamical structure, e.g., a reference frame. The Hamiltonian approach gives a handle on both problems. The Hamiltonian perspective helped us to make a remarkable discovery: with an isometric Minkowski reference a large class of expressions---namely all those that agree with the Einstein pseudotensor's Freud superpotential to linear order---give a common quasi-local energy value. Moreover, with a best-matched reference on the boundary this is the Wang-Yau mass value.

Full work available at URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1811.05640

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zbMATH Keywords

Hamiltonianquasi-local energyMinkowski reference

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Einstein's equations (general structure, canonical formalism, Cauchy problems) (83C05) Gravitational energy and conservation laws; groups of motions (83C40)

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Cited In (5)

• Optimal choices of reference for a quasi-local energy
• Gravitational energy
• Weiss variation for general boundaries
• Quasi-local energy and the choice of reference
• Spinors and the reference point of quasilocal energy

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