On the critical points of the flight return time function of perturbed closed orbits
bifurcationcenterperiod annulusperiod functionperiodic orbitplanar differential equationquadratic system
Topological structure of integral curves, singular points, limit cycles of ordinary differential equations (34C05) Theory of limit cycles of polynomial and analytic vector fields (existence, uniqueness, bounds, Hilbert's 16th problem and ramifications) for ordinary differential equations (34C07) Bifurcation theory for ordinary differential equations (34C23) Periodic solutions to ordinary differential equations (34C25) Perturbations, asymptotics of solutions to ordinary differential equations (34E10)
The paper considers planar analytic differential systems \(\dot x= X(x,\varepsilon)\), where \(\varepsilon\) is a small parameter, such that when \(\varepsilon=0\) the system has a period annulus. For each transversal section \(\Sigma\) to the unperturbed periodic orbits, the authors define the \textit{flight return time function} \(T^\Sigma (q,\varepsilon)\), as the first return time of an orbit starting at \(q\in\Sigma\) to cut again \(\Sigma\), after a complete turn. The authors study properties of this function \(T^\Sigma(\cdot,\varepsilon)\) in terms of properties of the period function \(T^\Sigma(q,0)\). For instance, they prove that simple critical orbits of this period function give rise to critical points of the flight return time function. They also treat the case when for \(\varepsilon=0\) the system is isochronous. They illustrate their results perturbing either the linear center or Loud (reversible) centers. Finally, they obtain explicit formulas for the derivatives of the flight return function, extending previous results proved for centers, using the Lie brackets approach. These results are applied to study some quadratic perturbations of the linear center.
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