Uncertainty relations for noise and disturbance in generalized quantum measurements

DOI10.1016/J.AOP.2003.12.012zbMATH Open1062.81009arXivquant-ph/0307057OpenAlexW2152951049MaRDI QIDQ1827381FDOQ1827381

Authors: Masanao Ozawa 

Publication date: 6 August 2004

Published in: Annals of Physics (Search for Journal in Brave)

Abstract: Heisenberg's uncertainty relation for measurement noise and disturbance states that any position measurement with noise epsilon brings the momentum disturbance not less than hbar/2epsilon. This relation holds only for restricted class of measuring apparatuses. Here, Heisenberg's uncertainty relation is generalized to a relation that holds for all the possible quantum measurements, from which conditions are obtained for measuring apparatuses to satisfy Heisenberg's relation. In particular, every apparatus with the noise and the disturbance statistically independent from the measured object is proven to satisfy Heisenberg's relation. For this purpose, all the possible quantum measurements are characterized by naturally acceptable axioms. Then, a mathematical notion of the distance between probability operator valued measures and observables is introduced and the basic properties are explored. Based on this notion, the measurement noise and disturbance are naturally defined for any quantum measurements in a model independent formulation. Under this formulation, various uncertainty relations are also derived for apparatuses with independent noise, independent disturbance, unbiased noise, and unbiased disturbance as well as noiseless apparatuses and nondisturbing apparatuses. Two models of position measurements are discussed to show that Heisenberg's relation can be violated even by approximately repeatable position measurements.

Full work available at URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0307057

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Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Quantum measurement theory, state operations, state preparations (81P15) Commutation relations and statistics as related to quantum mechanics (general) (81S05) Axioms; other general questions in probability (60A05)

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