On a Fermat principle in general relativity. A Morse theory for light rays
Variational principles of physics (49S05) Geodesics in global differential geometry (53C22) Global differential geometry of Lorentz manifolds, manifolds with indefinite metrics (53C50) Abstract critical point theory (Morse theory, Lyusternik-Shnirel'man theory, etc.) in infinite-dimensional spaces (58E05) Equations of motion in general relativity and gravitational theory (83C10) Electromagnetic fields in general relativity and gravitational theory (83C50)
Among all lightlike curves joining a point \(p\) to a timelike curve \(\gamma\) in a Lorentzian manifold, the geodesics are characterized by stationary arrival time. Here, ``arrival time refers to the parametrization of \(\gamma\), and ``stationary refers to a minimum, a maximum or a saddle-point. This variational principle can be viewed as a general relativistic version of Fermat's principle. In the paper under review, the authors use this variational principle to develop a Morse theory for lightlike geodesics, similar to the classical Morse theory for Riemannian geodesics in its infinite-dimensional version à la Palais and Smale. To that end the Lorentzian manifold has to satisfy several assumptions that imply, in particular, global hyperbolicity. The authors briefly indicate that their results might have applications to the gravitational lens effect.
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